programs/x509/cert_write.c

/*
 *  Certificate generation and signing
 *
 *  Copyright The Mbed TLS Contributors
 *  SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 *
 *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
 *  not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 *  WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 */

#include "mbedtls/build_info.h"

#include "mbedtls/platform.h"

#if !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_WRITE_C) || \
    !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) || \
    !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C) || \
    !defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA256_C) || \
    !defined(MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C)
int main( void )
{
    mbedtls_printf( "MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_WRITE_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_ERROR_C not defined.\n");
    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
}
#else

#include "mbedtls/x509_crt.h"
#include "mbedtls/x509_csr.h"
#include "mbedtls/oid.h"
#include "mbedtls/entropy.h"
#include "mbedtls/ctr_drbg.h"
#include "mbedtls/md.h"
#include "mbedtls/error.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define SET_OID(x, oid) \
    do { x.len = MBEDTLS_OID_SIZE(oid); x.p = (unsigned char*)oid; } while( 0 )

#if defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C)
#define USAGE_CSR                                                           \
    "    request_file=%%s         default: (empty)\n"                           \
    "                            If request_file is specified, subject_key,\n"  \
    "                            subject_pwd and subject_name are ignored!\n"
#else
#define USAGE_CSR ""
#endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C */

#define FORMAT_PEM              0
#define FORMAT_DER              1

#define DFL_ISSUER_CRT          ""
#define DFL_REQUEST_FILE        ""
#define DFL_SUBJECT_KEY         "subject.key"
#define DFL_ISSUER_KEY          "ca.key"
#define DFL_SUBJECT_PWD         ""
#define DFL_ISSUER_PWD          ""
#define DFL_OUTPUT_FILENAME     "cert.crt"
#define DFL_SUBJECT_NAME        "CN=Cert,O=mbed TLS,C=UK"
#define DFL_ISSUER_NAME         "CN=CA,O=mbed TLS,C=UK"
#define DFL_NOT_BEFORE          "20010101000000"
#define DFL_NOT_AFTER           "20301231235959"
#define DFL_SERIAL              "1"
#define DFL_SELFSIGN            0
#define DFL_IS_CA               0
#define DFL_MAX_PATHLEN         -1
#define DFL_SIG_ALG             MBEDTLS_MD_SHA256
#define DFL_KEY_USAGE           0
#define DFL_EXT_KEY_USAGE       NULL
#define DFL_NS_CERT_TYPE        0
#define DFL_VERSION             3
#define DFL_AUTH_IDENT          1
#define DFL_SUBJ_IDENT          1
#define DFL_CONSTRAINTS         1
#define DFL_DIGEST              MBEDTLS_MD_SHA256
#define DFL_FORMAT              FORMAT_PEM

#define USAGE \
    "\n usage: cert_write param=<>...\n"                \
    "\n acceptable parameters:\n"                       \
    USAGE_CSR                                           \
    "    subject_key=%%s          default: subject.key\n"   \
    "    subject_pwd=%%s          default: (empty)\n"       \
    "    subject_name=%%s         default: CN=Cert,O=mbed TLS,C=UK\n"   \
    "\n"                                                \
    "    issuer_crt=%%s           default: (empty)\n"       \
    "                            If issuer_crt is specified, issuer_name is\n"  \
    "                            ignored!\n"                \
    "    issuer_name=%%s          default: CN=CA,O=mbed TLS,C=UK\n"     \
    "\n"                                                \
    "    selfsign=%%d             default: 0 (false)\n"     \
    "                            If selfsign is enabled, issuer_name and\n" \
    "                            issuer_key are required (issuer_crt and\n" \
    "                            subject_* are ignored\n"   \
    "    issuer_key=%%s           default: ca.key\n"        \
    "    issuer_pwd=%%s           default: (empty)\n"       \
    "    output_file=%%s          default: cert.crt\n"      \
    "    serial=%%s               default: 1\n"             \
    "    not_before=%%s           default: 20010101000000\n"\
    "    not_after=%%s            default: 20301231235959\n"\
    "    is_ca=%%d                default: 0 (disabled)\n"  \
    "    max_pathlen=%%d          default: -1 (none)\n"     \
    "    md=%%s                   default: SHA256\n"        \
    "                            Supported values (if enabled):\n"      \
    "                            MD5, RIPEMD160, SHA1,\n" \
    "                            SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512\n" \
    "    version=%%d              default: 3\n"            \
    "                            Possible values: 1, 2, 3\n"\
    "    subject_identifier=%%s   default: 1\n"             \
    "                            Possible values: 0, 1\n"   \
    "                            (Considered for v3 only)\n"\
    "    authority_identifier=%%s default: 1\n"             \
    "                            Possible values: 0, 1\n"   \
    "                            (Considered for v3 only)\n"\
    "    basic_constraints=%%d    default: 1\n"             \
    "                            Possible values: 0, 1\n"   \
    "                            (Considered for v3 only)\n"\
    "    key_usage=%%s            default: (empty)\n"       \
    "                            Comma-separated-list of values:\n"     \
    "                            digital_signature\n"     \
    "                            non_repudiation\n"       \
    "                            key_encipherment\n"      \
    "                            data_encipherment\n"     \
    "                            key_agreement\n"         \
    "                            key_cert_sign\n"  \
    "                            crl_sign\n"              \
    "                            (Considered for v3 only)\n"\
    "    ext_key_usage=%%s        default: (empty)\n"      \
    "                            Comma-separated-list of values:\n"     \
    "                            serverAuth\n"             \
    "                            clientAuth\n"             \
    "                            codeSigning\n"            \
    "                            emailProtection\n"        \
    "                            timeStamping\n"           \
    "                            OCSPSigning\n"            \
    "    ns_cert_type=%%s         default: (empty)\n"       \
    "                            Comma-separated-list of values:\n"     \
    "                            ssl_client\n"            \
    "                            ssl_server\n"            \
    "                            email\n"                 \
    "                            object_signing\n"        \
    "                            ssl_ca\n"                \
    "                            email_ca\n"              \
    "                            object_signing_ca\n"     \
    "   format=pem|der           default: pem\n"         \
    "\n"


/*
 * global options
 */
struct options
{
    const char *issuer_crt;     /* filename of the issuer certificate   */
    const char *request_file;   /* filename of the certificate request  */
    const char *subject_key;    /* filename of the subject key file     */
    const char *issuer_key;     /* filename of the issuer key file      */
    const char *subject_pwd;    /* password for the subject key file    */
    const char *issuer_pwd;     /* password for the issuer key file     */
    const char *output_file;    /* where to store the constructed CRT   */
    const char *subject_name;   /* subject name for certificate         */
    const char *issuer_name;    /* issuer name for certificate          */
    const char *not_before;     /* validity period not before           */
    const char *not_after;      /* validity period not after            */
    const char *serial;         /* serial number string                 */
    int selfsign;               /* selfsign the certificate             */
    int is_ca;                  /* is a CA certificate                  */
    int max_pathlen;            /* maximum CA path length               */
    int authority_identifier;   /* add authority identifier to CRT      */
    int subject_identifier;     /* add subject identifier to CRT        */
    int basic_constraints;      /* add basic constraints ext to CRT     */
    int version;                /* CRT version                          */
    mbedtls_md_type_t md;       /* Hash used for signing                */
    unsigned char key_usage;    /* key usage flags                      */
    mbedtls_asn1_sequence *ext_key_usage; /* extended key usages        */
    unsigned char ns_cert_type; /* NS cert type                         */
    int format;                 /* format                               */
} opt;

int write_certificate( mbedtls_x509write_cert *crt, const char *output_file,
                       int (*f_rng)(void *, unsigned char *, size_t),
                       void *p_rng )
{
    int ret;
    FILE *f;
    unsigned char output_buf[4096];
    unsigned char *output_start;
    size_t len = 0;

    memset( output_buf, 0, 4096 );
    if ( opt.format == FORMAT_DER )
    {
        ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_der( crt, output_buf, 4096,
                                           f_rng, p_rng );
        if( ret < 0 )
            return( ret );

        len = ret;
        output_start = output_buf + 4096 - len;
    } else {
        ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_pem( crt, output_buf, 4096,
                                           f_rng, p_rng );
        if( ret < 0 )
            return( ret );

        len = strlen( (char *) output_buf );
        output_start = output_buf;
    }

    if( ( f = fopen( output_file, "w" ) ) == NULL )
        return( -1 );

    if( fwrite( output_start, 1, len, f ) != len )
    {
        fclose( f );
        return( -1 );
    }

    fclose( f );

    return( 0 );
}

/*
 * Convert the input "in_buff" string to a raw byte array "out_buff". The amount
 * of converted data is returned on "written_data".
 */
static int parse_serial( const char* in_buff, size_t in_buff_len,
                    unsigned char* out_buff, size_t out_buff_len,
                    size_t *written_data )
{
    char c;
    unsigned char val;
    int i;

    if( out_buff_len < in_buff_len )
        return( -1 );

    *written_data = 0;

    for( i = 0; i < (int) in_buff_len; i++, (*written_data)++ )
    {
        c = in_buff[i];
        if( c >= 0x30 && c <= 0x39 )
            val = c - 0x30;
        else if( c >= 0x41 && c <= 0x46 )
            val = c - 0x37;
        else if( c >= 0x61 && c <= 0x66 )
            val = c - 0x57;
        else
            return( -1 );

        out_buff[i] = val;
    }

    return( 0 );
}

int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
    int ret = 1;
    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
    mbedtls_x509_crt issuer_crt;
    mbedtls_pk_context loaded_issuer_key, loaded_subject_key;
    mbedtls_pk_context *issuer_key = &loaded_issuer_key,
                *subject_key = &loaded_subject_key;
    char buf[1024];
    char issuer_name[256];
    int i;
    char *p, *q, *r;
#if defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C)
    char subject_name[256];
    mbedtls_x509_csr csr;
#endif
    mbedtls_x509write_cert crt;
    unsigned char serial[MBEDTLS_X509_RFC5280_MAX_SERIAL_LEN];
    size_t serial_len;
    mbedtls_asn1_sequence *ext_key_usage;
    mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
    mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
    const char *pers = "crt example app";

    /*
     * Set to sane values
     */
    mbedtls_x509write_crt_init( &crt );
    mbedtls_pk_init( &loaded_issuer_key );
    mbedtls_pk_init( &loaded_subject_key );
    mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init( &ctr_drbg );
    mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
#if defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C)
    mbedtls_x509_csr_init( &csr );
#endif
    mbedtls_x509_crt_init( &issuer_crt );
    memset( buf, 0, sizeof(buf) );

    if( argc == 0 )
    {
    usage:
        mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
        goto exit;
    }

    opt.issuer_crt          = DFL_ISSUER_CRT;
    opt.request_file        = DFL_REQUEST_FILE;
    opt.subject_key         = DFL_SUBJECT_KEY;
    opt.issuer_key          = DFL_ISSUER_KEY;
    opt.subject_pwd         = DFL_SUBJECT_PWD;
    opt.issuer_pwd          = DFL_ISSUER_PWD;
    opt.output_file         = DFL_OUTPUT_FILENAME;
    opt.subject_name        = DFL_SUBJECT_NAME;
    opt.issuer_name         = DFL_ISSUER_NAME;
    opt.not_before          = DFL_NOT_BEFORE;
    opt.not_after           = DFL_NOT_AFTER;
    opt.serial              = DFL_SERIAL;
    opt.selfsign            = DFL_SELFSIGN;
    opt.is_ca               = DFL_IS_CA;
    opt.max_pathlen         = DFL_MAX_PATHLEN;
    opt.key_usage           = DFL_KEY_USAGE;
    opt.ext_key_usage       = DFL_EXT_KEY_USAGE;
    opt.ns_cert_type        = DFL_NS_CERT_TYPE;
    opt.version             = DFL_VERSION - 1;
    opt.md                  = DFL_DIGEST;
    opt.subject_identifier   = DFL_SUBJ_IDENT;
    opt.authority_identifier = DFL_AUTH_IDENT;
    opt.basic_constraints    = DFL_CONSTRAINTS;
    opt.format              = DFL_FORMAT;

    for( i = 1; i < argc; i++ )
    {

        p = argv[i];
        if( ( q = strchr( p, '=' ) ) == NULL )
            goto usage;
        *q++ = '\0';

        if( strcmp( p, "request_file" ) == 0 )
            opt.request_file = q;
        else if( strcmp( p, "subject_key" ) == 0 )
            opt.subject_key = q;
        else if( strcmp( p, "issuer_key" ) == 0 )
            opt.issuer_key = q;
        else if( strcmp( p, "subject_pwd" ) == 0 )
            opt.subject_pwd = q;
        else if( strcmp( p, "issuer_pwd" ) == 0 )
            opt.issuer_pwd = q;
        else if( strcmp( p, "issuer_crt" ) == 0 )
            opt.issuer_crt = q;
        else if( strcmp( p, "output_file" ) == 0 )
            opt.output_file = q;
        else if( strcmp( p, "subject_name" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.subject_name = q;
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "issuer_name" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.issuer_name = q;
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "not_before" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.not_before = q;
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "not_after" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.not_after = q;
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "serial" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.serial = q;
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "authority_identifier" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.authority_identifier = atoi( q );
            if( opt.authority_identifier != 0 &&
                opt.authority_identifier != 1 )
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "subject_identifier" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.subject_identifier = atoi( q );
            if( opt.subject_identifier != 0 &&
                opt.subject_identifier != 1 )
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "basic_constraints" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.basic_constraints = atoi( q );
            if( opt.basic_constraints != 0 &&
                opt.basic_constraints != 1 )
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "md" ) == 0 )
        {
            const mbedtls_md_info_t *md_info =
                mbedtls_md_info_from_string( q );
            if( md_info == NULL )
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
            opt.md = mbedtls_md_get_type( md_info );
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "version" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.version = atoi( q );
            if( opt.version < 1 || opt.version > 3 )
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
            opt.version--;
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "selfsign" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.selfsign = atoi( q );
            if( opt.selfsign < 0 || opt.selfsign > 1 )
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "is_ca" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.is_ca = atoi( q );
            if( opt.is_ca < 0 || opt.is_ca > 1 )
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "max_pathlen" ) == 0 )
        {
            opt.max_pathlen = atoi( q );
            if( opt.max_pathlen < -1 || opt.max_pathlen > 127 )
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "key_usage" ) == 0 )
        {
            while( q != NULL )
            {
                if( ( r = strchr( q, ',' ) ) != NULL )
                    *r++ = '\0';

                if( strcmp( q, "digital_signature" ) == 0 )
                    opt.key_usage |= MBEDTLS_X509_KU_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE;
                else if( strcmp( q, "non_repudiation" ) == 0 )
                    opt.key_usage |= MBEDTLS_X509_KU_NON_REPUDIATION;
                else if( strcmp( q, "key_encipherment" ) == 0 )
                    opt.key_usage |= MBEDTLS_X509_KU_KEY_ENCIPHERMENT;
                else if( strcmp( q, "data_encipherment" ) == 0 )
                    opt.key_usage |= MBEDTLS_X509_KU_DATA_ENCIPHERMENT;
                else if( strcmp( q, "key_agreement" ) == 0 )
                    opt.key_usage |= MBEDTLS_X509_KU_KEY_AGREEMENT;
                else if( strcmp( q, "key_cert_sign" ) == 0 )
                    opt.key_usage |= MBEDTLS_X509_KU_KEY_CERT_SIGN;
                else if( strcmp( q, "crl_sign" ) == 0 )
                    opt.key_usage |= MBEDTLS_X509_KU_CRL_SIGN;
                else
                {
                    mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                    goto usage;
                }

                q = r;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "ext_key_usage" ) == 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_asn1_sequence **tail = &opt.ext_key_usage;

            while( q != NULL )
            {
                if( ( r = strchr( q, ',' ) ) != NULL )
                    *r++ = '\0';

                ext_key_usage = mbedtls_calloc( 1, sizeof(mbedtls_asn1_sequence) );
                ext_key_usage->buf.tag = MBEDTLS_ASN1_OID;
                if( strcmp( q, "serverAuth" ) == 0 )
                    SET_OID( ext_key_usage->buf, MBEDTLS_OID_SERVER_AUTH );
                else if( strcmp( q, "clientAuth" ) == 0 )
                    SET_OID( ext_key_usage->buf, MBEDTLS_OID_CLIENT_AUTH );
                else if( strcmp( q, "codeSigning" ) == 0 )
                    SET_OID( ext_key_usage->buf, MBEDTLS_OID_CODE_SIGNING );
                else if( strcmp( q, "emailProtection" ) == 0 )
                    SET_OID( ext_key_usage->buf, MBEDTLS_OID_EMAIL_PROTECTION );
                else if( strcmp( q, "timeStamping" ) == 0 )
                    SET_OID( ext_key_usage->buf, MBEDTLS_OID_TIME_STAMPING );
                else if( strcmp( q, "OCSPSigning" ) == 0 )
                    SET_OID( ext_key_usage->buf, MBEDTLS_OID_OCSP_SIGNING );
                else
                {
                    mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                    goto usage;
                }

                *tail = ext_key_usage;
                tail = &ext_key_usage->next;

                q = r;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "ns_cert_type" ) == 0 )
        {
            while( q != NULL )
            {
                if( ( r = strchr( q, ',' ) ) != NULL )
                    *r++ = '\0';

                if( strcmp( q, "ssl_client" ) == 0 )
                    opt.ns_cert_type |= MBEDTLS_X509_NS_CERT_TYPE_SSL_CLIENT;
                else if( strcmp( q, "ssl_server" ) == 0 )
                    opt.ns_cert_type |= MBEDTLS_X509_NS_CERT_TYPE_SSL_SERVER;
                else if( strcmp( q, "email" ) == 0 )
                    opt.ns_cert_type |= MBEDTLS_X509_NS_CERT_TYPE_EMAIL;
                else if( strcmp( q, "object_signing" ) == 0 )
                    opt.ns_cert_type |= MBEDTLS_X509_NS_CERT_TYPE_OBJECT_SIGNING;
                else if( strcmp( q, "ssl_ca" ) == 0 )
                    opt.ns_cert_type |= MBEDTLS_X509_NS_CERT_TYPE_SSL_CA;
                else if( strcmp( q, "email_ca" ) == 0 )
                    opt.ns_cert_type |= MBEDTLS_X509_NS_CERT_TYPE_EMAIL_CA;
                else if( strcmp( q, "object_signing_ca" ) == 0 )
                    opt.ns_cert_type |= MBEDTLS_X509_NS_CERT_TYPE_OBJECT_SIGNING_CA;
                else
                {
                    mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                    goto usage;
                }

                q = r;
            }
        }
        else if( strcmp( p, "format" ) == 0 )
        {
            if      ( strcmp(q, "der" ) == 0 ) opt.format = FORMAT_DER;
            else if ( strcmp(q, "pem" ) == 0 ) opt.format = FORMAT_PEM;
            else
            {
                mbedtls_printf( "Invalid argument for option %s\n", p );
                goto usage;
            }
        }
        else
            goto usage;
    }

    mbedtls_printf("\n");

    /*
     * 0. Seed the PRNG
     */
    mbedtls_printf( "  . Seeding the random number generator..." );
    fflush( stdout );

    if( ( ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed( &ctr_drbg, mbedtls_entropy_func, &entropy,
                               (const unsigned char *) pers,
                               strlen( pers ) ) ) != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed returned %d - %s\n",
                        ret, buf );
        goto exit;
    }

    mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );

    // Parse serial to MPI
    //
    mbedtls_printf( "  . Reading serial number..." );
    fflush( stdout );

    mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );

    // Parse issuer certificate if present
    //
    if( !opt.selfsign && strlen( opt.issuer_crt ) )
    {
        /*
         * 1.0.a. Load the certificates
         */
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Loading the issuer certificate ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        if( ( ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file( &issuer_crt, opt.issuer_crt ) ) != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file "
                            "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        ret = mbedtls_x509_dn_gets( issuer_name, sizeof(issuer_name),
                                 &issuer_crt.subject );
        if( ret < 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509_dn_gets "
                            "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        opt.issuer_name = issuer_name;

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }

#if defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C)
    // Parse certificate request if present
    //
    if( !opt.selfsign && strlen( opt.request_file ) )
    {
        /*
         * 1.0.b. Load the CSR
         */
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Loading the certificate request ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        if( ( ret = mbedtls_x509_csr_parse_file( &csr, opt.request_file ) ) != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509_csr_parse_file "
                            "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        ret = mbedtls_x509_dn_gets( subject_name, sizeof(subject_name),
                                 &csr.subject );
        if( ret < 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509_dn_gets "
                            "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        opt.subject_name = subject_name;
        subject_key = &csr.pk;

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }
#endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C */

    /*
     * 1.1. Load the keys
     */
    if( !opt.selfsign && !strlen( opt.request_file ) )
    {
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Loading the subject key ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile( &loaded_subject_key, opt.subject_key,
                opt.subject_pwd, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &ctr_drbg );
        if( ret != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile "
                            "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }

    mbedtls_printf( "  . Loading the issuer key ..." );
    fflush( stdout );

    ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile( &loaded_issuer_key, opt.issuer_key,
            opt.issuer_pwd, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &ctr_drbg );
    if( ret != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile "
                        "returned -x%02x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
        goto exit;
    }

    // Check if key and issuer certificate match
    //
    if( strlen( opt.issuer_crt ) )
    {
        if( mbedtls_pk_check_pair( &issuer_crt.pk, issuer_key,
                                   mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &ctr_drbg ) != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  issuer_key does not match "
                            "issuer certificate\n\n" );
            goto exit;
        }
    }

    mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );

    if( opt.selfsign )
    {
        opt.subject_name = opt.issuer_name;
        subject_key = issuer_key;
    }

    mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_subject_key( &crt, subject_key );
    mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_issuer_key( &crt, issuer_key );

    /*
     * 1.0. Check the names for validity
     */
    if( ( ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_subject_name( &crt, opt.subject_name ) ) != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_subject_name "
                        "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
        goto exit;
    }

    if( ( ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_issuer_name( &crt, opt.issuer_name ) ) != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_issuer_name "
                        "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
        goto exit;
    }

    mbedtls_printf( "  . Setting certificate values ..." );
    fflush( stdout );

    mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_version( &crt, opt.version );
    mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_md_alg( &crt, opt.md );

    if( parse_serial( opt.serial, strlen( opt.serial ),
                    serial, sizeof( serial ), &serial_len ) < 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  Unable to parse serial\n\n" );
        goto exit;
    }
    ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_serial_new( &crt, serial, serial_len );
    if( ret != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_serial_new "
                        "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
        goto exit;
    }

    ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_validity( &crt, opt.not_before, opt.not_after );
    if( ret != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_validity "
                        "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
        goto exit;
    }

    mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );

    if( opt.version == MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_VERSION_3 &&
        opt.basic_constraints != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Adding the Basic Constraints extension ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_basic_constraints( &crt, opt.is_ca,
                                                           opt.max_pathlen );
        if( ret != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  x509write_crt_set_basic_constraints "
                            "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }

#if defined(MBEDTLS_SHA1_C)
    if( opt.version == MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_VERSION_3 &&
        opt.subject_identifier != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Adding the Subject Key Identifier ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_subject_key_identifier( &crt );
        if( ret != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_subject"
                            "_key_identifier returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n",
                            (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }

    if( opt.version == MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_VERSION_3 &&
        opt.authority_identifier != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Adding the Authority Key Identifier ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_authority_key_identifier( &crt );
        if( ret != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_authority_"
                            "key_identifier returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n",
                            (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }
#endif /* MBEDTLS_SHA1_C */

    if( opt.version == MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_VERSION_3 &&
        opt.key_usage != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Adding the Key Usage extension ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_key_usage( &crt, opt.key_usage );
        if( ret != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_key_usage "
                            "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }

    if( opt.ext_key_usage )
    {
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Adding the Extended Key Usage extension ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_ext_key_usage( &crt, opt.ext_key_usage );
        if( ret != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_ext_key_usage returned -0x%02x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }

    if( opt.version == MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_VERSION_3 &&
        opt.ns_cert_type != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_printf( "  . Adding the NS Cert Type extension ..." );
        fflush( stdout );

        ret = mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_ns_cert_type( &crt, opt.ns_cert_type );
        if( ret != 0 )
        {
            mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_ns_cert_type "
                            "returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
            goto exit;
        }

        mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
    }

    /*
     * 1.2. Writing the certificate
     */
    mbedtls_printf( "  . Writing the certificate..." );
    fflush( stdout );

    if( ( ret = write_certificate( &crt, opt.output_file,
                                   mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &ctr_drbg ) ) != 0 )
    {
        mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  write_certificate -0x%04x - %s\n\n",
                        (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
        goto exit;
    }

    mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );

    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;

exit:
#if defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C)
    mbedtls_x509_csr_free( &csr );
#endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C */
    mbedtls_x509_crt_free( &issuer_crt );
    mbedtls_x509write_crt_free( &crt );
    mbedtls_pk_free( &loaded_subject_key );
    mbedtls_pk_free( &loaded_issuer_key );
    mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
    mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );

    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
}
#endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C &&
          MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
          MBEDTLS_ERROR_C && MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C */