diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 5585c78..179c3f6 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -34,9 +34,15 @@
 cmake_policy(SET CMP0012 NEW)
 
 if(TEST_CPP)
-    project("Mbed TLS" LANGUAGES C CXX)
+    project("Mbed TLS"
+        LANGUAGES C CXX
+        VERSION 3.5.2
+    )
 else()
-    project("Mbed TLS" LANGUAGES C)
+    project("Mbed TLS"
+        LANGUAGES C
+        VERSION 3.5.2
+    )
 endif()
 
 include(GNUInstallDirs)
diff --git a/ChangeLog.d/8824.txt b/ChangeLog.d/8824.txt
index abc305f..6d6bcb7 100644
--- a/ChangeLog.d/8824.txt
+++ b/ChangeLog.d/8824.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 Bugfix
    * Fix mbedtls_pk_sign(), mbedtls_pk_verify(), mbedtls_pk_decrypt() and
      mbedtls_pk_encrypt() on non-opaque RSA keys to honor the padding mode in
-     the RSA context. Before, if MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO was enabled, they always
-     used PKCS#1 v1.5 even when the RSA context was configured for PKCS#1 v2.1
-     (PSS/OAEP). Fixes #8824.
+     the RSA context. Before, if MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO was enabled and the
+     RSA context was configured for PKCS#1 v2.1 (PSS/OAEP), the sign/verify
+     functions performed a PKCS#1 v1.5 signature instead and the
+     encrypt/decrypt functions returned an error. Fixes #8824.
 
diff --git a/ChangeLog.d/8825.txt b/ChangeLog.d/8825.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..914bd08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ChangeLog.d/8825.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Features
+   * mbedtls_psa_get_random() is always available as soon as
+     MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT is enabled at build time and psa_crypto_init() is
+     called at runtime. This together with MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE can be
+     used as random number generator function (f_rng) and context (p_rng) in
+     legacy functions.
diff --git a/ChangeLog.d/use_exp_mod_core.txt b/ChangeLog.d/use_exp_mod_core.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f7193a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ChangeLog.d/use_exp_mod_core.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Changes
+   * mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod and code that uses it, notably RSA and DHM operations,
+     have changed their speed/memory compromise as part of a proactive security
+     improvement. The new default value of MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE roughly
+     preserves the current speed, at the expense of increasing memory
+     consumption.
diff --git a/include/mbedtls/bignum.h b/include/mbedtls/bignum.h
index 931e06d..71d7b97 100644
--- a/include/mbedtls/bignum.h
+++ b/include/mbedtls/bignum.h
@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE)
 /*
- * Maximum window size used for modular exponentiation. Default: 2
+ * Maximum window size used for modular exponentiation. Default: 3
  * Minimum value: 1. Maximum value: 6.
  *
  * Result is an array of ( 2 ** MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE ) MPIs used
- * for the sliding window calculation. (So 64 by default)
+ * for the sliding window calculation. (So 8 by default)
  *
  * Reduction in size, reduces speed.
  */
-#define MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE                           2        /**< Maximum window size used. */
+#define MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE                           3        /**< Maximum window size used. */
 #endif /* !MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_MPI_MAX_SIZE)
diff --git a/include/mbedtls/pk.h b/include/mbedtls/pk.h
index ff80290..d83152c 100644
--- a/include/mbedtls/pk.h
+++ b/include/mbedtls/pk.h
@@ -484,20 +484,20 @@
  * \brief           Determine valid PSA attributes that can be used to
  *                  import a key into PSA.
  *
- *                  The attributes determined by this function are suitable
- *                  for calling mbedtls_pk_import_into_psa() to create
- *                  a PSA key with the same key material.
+ * The attributes determined by this function are suitable
+ * for calling mbedtls_pk_import_into_psa() to create
+ * a PSA key with the same key material.
  *
- *                  The typical flow of operations involving this function is
- *                  ```
- *                  psa_key_attributes_t attributes = PSA_KEY_ATTRIBUTES_INIT;
- *                  int ret = mbedtls_pk_get_psa_attributes(pk, &attributes);
- *                  if (ret != 0) ...; // error handling omitted
- *                  // Tweak attributes if desired
- *                  psa_key_id_t key_id = 0;
- *                  ret = mbedtls_pk_import_into_psa(pk, &attributes, &key_id);
- *                  if (ret != 0) ...; // error handling omitted
- *                  ```
+ * The typical flow of operations involving this function is
+ * ```
+ * psa_key_attributes_t attributes = PSA_KEY_ATTRIBUTES_INIT;
+ * int ret = mbedtls_pk_get_psa_attributes(pk, &attributes);
+ * if (ret != 0) ...; // error handling omitted
+ * // Tweak attributes if desired
+ * psa_key_id_t key_id = 0;
+ * ret = mbedtls_pk_import_into_psa(pk, &attributes, &key_id);
+ * if (ret != 0) ...; // error handling omitted
+ * ```
  *
  * \note            This function does not support RSA-alt contexts
  *                  (set up with mbedtls_pk_setup_rsa_alt()).
@@ -596,24 +596,23 @@
 /**
  * \brief           Import a key into the PSA key store.
  *
- *                  This function is equivalent to calling psa_import_key()
- *                  with the key material from \p pk.
+ * This function is equivalent to calling psa_import_key()
+ * with the key material from \p pk.
  *
- *                  The typical way to use this function is:
- *                  -# Call mbedtls_pk_get_psa_attributes() to obtain
- *                     attributes for the given key.
- *                  -# If desired, modify the attributes, for example:
- *                      - To create a persistent key, call
- *                        psa_set_key_identifier() and optionally
- *                        psa_set_key_lifetime().
- *                      - To import only the public part of a key pair:
- *                        ```
- *                        psa_set_key_type(&attributes,
- *                                         PSA_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC_KEY_OF_KEY_PAIR(
- *                                             psa_get_key_type(&attributes)));
- *                        ```
- *                      - Restrict the key usage if desired.
- *                  -# Call mbedtls_pk_import_into_psa().
+ * The typical way to use this function is:
+ * -# Call mbedtls_pk_get_psa_attributes() to obtain
+ *    attributes for the given key.
+ * -# If desired, modify the attributes, for example:
+ *     - To create a persistent key, call
+ *       psa_set_key_identifier() and optionally
+ *       psa_set_key_lifetime().
+ *     - To import only the public part of a key pair:
+ *
+ *           psa_set_key_type(&attributes,
+ *                            PSA_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC_KEY_OF_KEY_PAIR(
+ *                                psa_get_key_type(&attributes)));
+ *     - Restrict the key usage if desired.
+ * -# Call mbedtls_pk_import_into_psa().
  *
  * \note            This function does not support RSA-alt contexts
  *                  (set up with mbedtls_pk_setup_rsa_alt()).
diff --git a/include/mbedtls/psa_util.h b/include/mbedtls/psa_util.h
index 984f031..c78cc23 100644
--- a/include/mbedtls/psa_util.h
+++ b/include/mbedtls/psa_util.h
@@ -21,44 +21,24 @@
  * otherwise error codes would be unknown in test_suite_psa_crypto_util.data.*/
 #include <mbedtls/asn1write.h>
 
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C)
-
-/* Expose whatever RNG the PSA subsystem uses to applications using the
- * mbedtls_xxx API. The declarations and definitions here need to be
- * consistent with the implementation in library/psa_crypto_random_impl.h.
- * See that file for implementation documentation. */
-
-
-/* The type of a `f_rng` random generator function that many library functions
- * take.
- *
- * This type name is not part of the Mbed TLS stable API. It may be renamed
- * or moved without warning.
- */
-typedef int mbedtls_f_rng_t(void *p_rng, unsigned char *output, size_t output_size);
-
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG)
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT)
 
 /** The random generator function for the PSA subsystem.
  *
  * This function is suitable as the `f_rng` random generator function
- * parameter of many `mbedtls_xxx` functions. Use #MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE
- * to obtain the \p p_rng parameter.
+ * parameter of many `mbedtls_xxx` functions.
  *
  * The implementation of this function depends on the configuration of the
  * library.
  *
- * \note Depending on the configuration, this may be a function or
- *       a pointer to a function.
- *
  * \note This function may only be used if the PSA crypto subsystem is active.
  *       This means that you must call psa_crypto_init() before any call to
  *       this function, and you must not call this function after calling
  *       mbedtls_psa_crypto_free().
  *
- * \param p_rng         The random generator context. This must be
- *                      #MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE. No other state is
- *                      supported.
+ * \param p_rng         This parameter is only kept for backward compatibility
+ *                      reasons with legacy `f_rng` functions and it's ignored.
+ *                      Set to #MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE or NULL.
  * \param output        The buffer to fill. It must have room for
  *                      \c output_size bytes.
  * \param output_size   The number of bytes to write to \p output.
@@ -80,32 +60,11 @@
 
 /** The random generator state for the PSA subsystem.
  *
- * This macro expands to an expression which is suitable as the `p_rng`
- * random generator state parameter of many `mbedtls_xxx` functions.
- * It must be used in combination with the random generator function
- * mbedtls_psa_get_random().
- *
- * The implementation of this macro depends on the configuration of the
- * library. Do not make any assumption on its nature.
+ * This macro always expands to NULL because the `p_rng` parameter is unused
+ * in mbedtls_psa_get_random(), but it's kept for interface's backward
+ * compatibility.
  */
-#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE NULL
-
-#else /* !defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG) */
-
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
-#include "mbedtls/ctr_drbg.h"
-typedef mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t;
-static mbedtls_f_rng_t *const mbedtls_psa_get_random = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random;
-#elif defined(MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C)
-#include "mbedtls/hmac_drbg.h"
-typedef mbedtls_hmac_drbg_context mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t;
-static mbedtls_f_rng_t *const mbedtls_psa_get_random = mbedtls_hmac_drbg_random;
-#endif
-extern mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t *const mbedtls_psa_random_state;
-
-#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE mbedtls_psa_random_state
-
-#endif /* !defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG) */
+#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE    NULL
 
 /** \defgroup psa_tls_helpers TLS helper functions
  * @{
@@ -180,7 +139,7 @@
 {
     return (mbedtls_md_type_t) (psa_alg & PSA_ALG_HASH_MASK);
 }
-#endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C */
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_UTIL_HAVE_ECDSA)
 
diff --git a/library/bignum.c b/library/bignum.c
index d3d72ab..c45fd5b 100644
--- a/library/bignum.c
+++ b/library/bignum.c
@@ -37,6 +37,19 @@
 
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 
+
+
+/*
+ * Conditionally select an MPI sign in constant time.
+ * (MPI sign is the field s in mbedtls_mpi. It is unsigned short and only 1 and -1 are valid
+ * values.)
+ */
+static inline signed short mbedtls_ct_mpi_sign_if(mbedtls_ct_condition_t cond,
+                                                  signed short sign1, signed short sign2)
+{
+    return (signed short) mbedtls_ct_uint_if(cond, sign1 + 1, sign2 + 1) - 1;
+}
+
 /*
  * Compare signed values in constant time
  */
@@ -112,7 +125,7 @@
     {
         mbedtls_ct_condition_t do_assign = mbedtls_ct_bool(assign);
 
-        X->s = (int) mbedtls_ct_uint_if(do_assign, Y->s, X->s);
+        X->s = mbedtls_ct_mpi_sign_if(do_assign, Y->s, X->s);
 
         mbedtls_mpi_core_cond_assign(X->p, Y->p, Y->n, do_assign);
 
@@ -149,8 +162,8 @@
     MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(Y, X->n));
 
     s = X->s;
-    X->s = (int) mbedtls_ct_uint_if(do_swap, Y->s, X->s);
-    Y->s = (int) mbedtls_ct_uint_if(do_swap, s, Y->s);
+    X->s = mbedtls_ct_mpi_sign_if(do_swap, Y->s, X->s);
+    Y->s = mbedtls_ct_mpi_sign_if(do_swap, s, Y->s);
 
     mbedtls_mpi_core_cond_swap(X->p, Y->p, X->n, do_swap);
 
@@ -288,8 +301,7 @@
  * This function is not constant-time. Leading zeros in Y may be removed.
  *
  * Ensure that X does not shrink. This is not guaranteed by the public API,
- * but some code in the bignum module relies on this property, for example
- * in mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod().
+ * but some code in the bignum module might still rely on this property.
  */
 int mbedtls_mpi_copy(mbedtls_mpi *X, const mbedtls_mpi *Y)
 {
@@ -1598,98 +1610,11 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void mpi_montg_init(mbedtls_mpi_uint *mm, const mbedtls_mpi *N)
-{
-    *mm = mbedtls_mpi_core_montmul_init(N->p);
-}
-
-/** Montgomery multiplication: A = A * B * R^-1 mod N  (HAC 14.36)
- *
- * \param[in,out]   A   One of the numbers to multiply.
- *                      It must have at least as many limbs as N
- *                      (A->n >= N->n), and any limbs beyond n are ignored.
- *                      On successful completion, A contains the result of
- *                      the multiplication A * B * R^-1 mod N where
- *                      R = (2^ciL)^n.
- * \param[in]       B   One of the numbers to multiply.
- *                      It must be nonzero and must not have more limbs than N
- *                      (B->n <= N->n).
- * \param[in]       N   The modulus. \p N must be odd.
- * \param           mm  The value calculated by `mpi_montg_init(&mm, N)`.
- *                      This is -N^-1 mod 2^ciL.
- * \param[in,out]   T   A bignum for temporary storage.
- *                      It must be at least twice the limb size of N plus 1
- *                      (T->n >= 2 * N->n + 1).
- *                      Its initial content is unused and
- *                      its final content is indeterminate.
- *                      It does not get reallocated.
- */
-static void mpi_montmul(mbedtls_mpi *A, const mbedtls_mpi *B,
-                        const mbedtls_mpi *N, mbedtls_mpi_uint mm,
-                        mbedtls_mpi *T)
-{
-    mbedtls_mpi_core_montmul(A->p, A->p, B->p, B->n, N->p, N->n, mm, T->p);
-}
-
-/*
- * Montgomery reduction: A = A * R^-1 mod N
- *
- * See mpi_montmul() regarding constraints and guarantees on the parameters.
- */
-static void mpi_montred(mbedtls_mpi *A, const mbedtls_mpi *N,
-                        mbedtls_mpi_uint mm, mbedtls_mpi *T)
-{
-    mbedtls_mpi_uint z = 1;
-    mbedtls_mpi U;
-    U.n = 1;
-    U.s = 1;
-    U.p = &z;
-
-    mpi_montmul(A, &U, N, mm, T);
-}
-
-/**
- * Select an MPI from a table without leaking the index.
- *
- * This is functionally equivalent to mbedtls_mpi_copy(R, T[idx]) except it
- * reads the entire table in order to avoid leaking the value of idx to an
- * attacker able to observe memory access patterns.
- *
- * \param[out] R        Where to write the selected MPI.
- * \param[in] T         The table to read from.
- * \param[in] T_size    The number of elements in the table.
- * \param[in] idx       The index of the element to select;
- *                      this must satisfy 0 <= idx < T_size.
- *
- * \return \c 0 on success, or a negative error code.
- */
-static int mpi_select(mbedtls_mpi *R, const mbedtls_mpi *T, size_t T_size, size_t idx)
-{
-    int ret = MBEDTLS_ERR_ERROR_CORRUPTION_DETECTED;
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < T_size; i++) {
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_safe_cond_assign(R, &T[i],
-                                                     (unsigned char) mbedtls_ct_uint_eq(i, idx)));
-    }
-cleanup:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/*
- * Sliding-window exponentiation: X = A^E mod N  (HAC 14.85)
- */
 int mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod(mbedtls_mpi *X, const mbedtls_mpi *A,
                         const mbedtls_mpi *E, const mbedtls_mpi *N,
                         mbedtls_mpi *prec_RR)
 {
     int ret = MBEDTLS_ERR_ERROR_CORRUPTION_DETECTED;
-    size_t window_bitsize;
-    size_t i, j, nblimbs;
-    size_t bufsize, nbits;
-    size_t exponent_bits_in_window = 0;
-    mbedtls_mpi_uint ei, mm, state;
-    mbedtls_mpi RR, T, W[(size_t) 1 << MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE], WW, Apos;
-    int neg;
 
     if (mbedtls_mpi_cmp_int(N, 0) <= 0 || (N->p[0] & 1) == 0) {
         return MBEDTLS_ERR_MPI_BAD_INPUT_DATA;
@@ -1705,261 +1630,88 @@
     }
 
     /*
-     * Init temps and window size
+     * Ensure that the exponent that we are passing to the core is not NULL.
      */
-    mpi_montg_init(&mm, N);
-    mbedtls_mpi_init(&RR); mbedtls_mpi_init(&T);
-    mbedtls_mpi_init(&Apos);
-    mbedtls_mpi_init(&WW);
-    memset(W, 0, sizeof(W));
-
-    i = mbedtls_mpi_bitlen(E);
-
-    window_bitsize = (i > 671) ? 6 : (i > 239) ? 5 :
-                     (i >  79) ? 4 : (i >  23) ? 3 : 1;
-
-#if (MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE < 6)
-    if (window_bitsize > MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE) {
-        window_bitsize = MBEDTLS_MPI_WINDOW_SIZE;
+    if (E->n == 0) {
+        ret = mbedtls_mpi_lset(X, 1);
+        return ret;
     }
-#endif
-
-    const size_t w_table_used_size = (size_t) 1 << window_bitsize;
 
     /*
-     * This function is not constant-trace: its memory accesses depend on the
-     * exponent value. To defend against timing attacks, callers (such as RSA
-     * and DHM) should use exponent blinding. However this is not enough if the
-     * adversary can find the exponent in a single trace, so this function
-     * takes extra precautions against adversaries who can observe memory
-     * access patterns.
-     *
-     * This function performs a series of multiplications by table elements and
-     * squarings, and we want the prevent the adversary from finding out which
-     * table element was used, and from distinguishing between multiplications
-     * and squarings. Firstly, when multiplying by an element of the window
-     * W[i], we do a constant-trace table lookup to obfuscate i. This leaves
-     * squarings as having a different memory access patterns from other
-     * multiplications. So secondly, we put the accumulator in the table as
-     * well, and also do a constant-trace table lookup to multiply by the
-     * accumulator which is W[x_index].
-     *
-     * This way, all multiplications take the form of a lookup-and-multiply.
-     * The number of lookup-and-multiply operations inside each iteration of
-     * the main loop still depends on the bits of the exponent, but since the
-     * other operations in the loop don't have an easily recognizable memory
-     * trace, an adversary is unlikely to be able to observe the exact
-     * patterns.
-     *
-     * An adversary may still be able to recover the exponent if they can
-     * observe both memory accesses and branches. However, branch prediction
-     * exploitation typically requires many traces of execution over the same
-     * data, which is defeated by randomized blinding.
+     * Allocate working memory for mbedtls_mpi_core_exp_mod()
      */
-    const size_t x_index = 0;
-    mbedtls_mpi_init(&W[x_index]);
-
-    j = N->n + 1;
-    /* All W[i] including the accumulator must have at least N->n limbs for
-     * the mpi_montmul() and mpi_montred() calls later. Here we ensure that
-     * W[1] and the accumulator W[x_index] are large enough. later we'll grow
-     * other W[i] to the same length. They must not be shrunk midway through
-     * this function!
-     */
-    MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(&W[x_index], j));
-    MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(&W[1],  j));
-    MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(&T, j * 2));
-
-    /*
-     * Compensate for negative A (and correct at the end)
-     */
-    neg = (A->s == -1);
-    if (neg) {
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_copy(&Apos, A));
-        Apos.s = 1;
-        A = &Apos;
+    size_t T_limbs = mbedtls_mpi_core_exp_mod_working_limbs(N->n, E->n);
+    mbedtls_mpi_uint *T = (mbedtls_mpi_uint *) mbedtls_calloc(T_limbs, sizeof(mbedtls_mpi_uint));
+    if (T == NULL) {
+        return MBEDTLS_ERR_MPI_ALLOC_FAILED;
     }
 
+    mbedtls_mpi RR;
+    mbedtls_mpi_init(&RR);
+
     /*
      * If 1st call, pre-compute R^2 mod N
      */
     if (prec_RR == NULL || prec_RR->p == NULL) {
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_lset(&RR, 1));
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_shift_l(&RR, N->n * 2 * biL));
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_mod_mpi(&RR, &RR, N));
+        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_core_get_mont_r2_unsafe(&RR, N));
 
         if (prec_RR != NULL) {
-            memcpy(prec_RR, &RR, sizeof(mbedtls_mpi));
+            *prec_RR = RR;
         }
     } else {
-        memcpy(&RR, prec_RR, sizeof(mbedtls_mpi));
+        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(prec_RR, N->n));
+        RR = *prec_RR;
     }
 
     /*
-     * W[1] = A * R^2 * R^-1 mod N = A * R mod N
+     * To preserve constness we need to make a copy of A. Using X for this to
+     * save memory.
      */
-    if (mbedtls_mpi_cmp_mpi(A, N) >= 0) {
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_mod_mpi(&W[1], A, N));
-        /* This should be a no-op because W[1] is already that large before
-         * mbedtls_mpi_mod_mpi(), but it's necessary to avoid an overflow
-         * in mpi_montmul() below, so let's make sure. */
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(&W[1], N->n + 1));
-    } else {
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_copy(&W[1], A));
-    }
-
-    /* Note that this is safe because W[1] always has at least N->n limbs
-     * (it grew above and was preserved by mbedtls_mpi_copy()). */
-    mpi_montmul(&W[1], &RR, N, mm, &T);
+    MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_copy(X, A));
 
     /*
-     * W[x_index] = R^2 * R^-1 mod N = R mod N
+     * Compensate for negative A (and correct at the end).
      */
-    MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_copy(&W[x_index], &RR));
-    mpi_montred(&W[x_index], N, mm, &T);
+    X->s = 1;
 
-
-    if (window_bitsize > 1) {
-        /*
-         * W[i] = W[1] ^ i
-         *
-         * The first bit of the sliding window is always 1 and therefore we
-         * only need to store the second half of the table.
-         *
-         * (There are two special elements in the table: W[0] for the
-         * accumulator/result and W[1] for A in Montgomery form. Both of these
-         * are already set at this point.)
-         */
-        j = w_table_used_size / 2;
-
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(&W[j], N->n + 1));
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_copy(&W[j], &W[1]));
-
-        for (i = 0; i < window_bitsize - 1; i++) {
-            mpi_montmul(&W[j], &W[j], N, mm, &T);
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * W[i] = W[i - 1] * W[1]
-         */
-        for (i = j + 1; i < w_table_used_size; i++) {
-            MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(&W[i], N->n + 1));
-            MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_copy(&W[i], &W[i - 1]));
-
-            mpi_montmul(&W[i], &W[1], N, mm, &T);
-        }
+    /*
+     * Make sure that X is in a form that is safe for consumption by
+     * the core functions.
+     *
+     * - The core functions will not touch the limbs of X above N->n. The
+     *   result will be correct if those limbs are 0, which the mod call
+     *   ensures.
+     * - Also, X must have at least as many limbs as N for the calls to the
+     *   core functions.
+     */
+    if (mbedtls_mpi_cmp_mpi(X, N) >= 0) {
+        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_mod_mpi(X, X, N));
     }
+    MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_grow(X, N->n));
 
-    nblimbs = E->n;
-    bufsize = 0;
-    nbits   = 0;
-    state   = 0;
-
-    while (1) {
-        if (bufsize == 0) {
-            if (nblimbs == 0) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            nblimbs--;
-
-            bufsize = sizeof(mbedtls_mpi_uint) << 3;
-        }
-
-        bufsize--;
-
-        ei = (E->p[nblimbs] >> bufsize) & 1;
-
-        /*
-         * skip leading 0s
-         */
-        if (ei == 0 && state == 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (ei == 0 && state == 1) {
-            /*
-             * out of window, square W[x_index]
-             */
-            MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mpi_select(&WW, W, w_table_used_size, x_index));
-            mpi_montmul(&W[x_index], &WW, N, mm, &T);
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * add ei to current window
-         */
-        state = 2;
-
-        nbits++;
-        exponent_bits_in_window |= (ei << (window_bitsize - nbits));
-
-        if (nbits == window_bitsize) {
-            /*
-             * W[x_index] = W[x_index]^window_bitsize R^-1 mod N
-             */
-            for (i = 0; i < window_bitsize; i++) {
-                MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mpi_select(&WW, W, w_table_used_size,
-                                           x_index));
-                mpi_montmul(&W[x_index], &WW, N, mm, &T);
-            }
-
-            /*
-             * W[x_index] = W[x_index] * W[exponent_bits_in_window] R^-1 mod N
-             */
-            MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mpi_select(&WW, W, w_table_used_size,
-                                       exponent_bits_in_window));
-            mpi_montmul(&W[x_index], &WW, N, mm, &T);
-
-            state--;
-            nbits = 0;
-            exponent_bits_in_window = 0;
-        }
+    /*
+     * Convert to and from Montgomery around mbedtls_mpi_core_exp_mod().
+     */
+    {
+        mbedtls_mpi_uint mm = mbedtls_mpi_core_montmul_init(N->p);
+        mbedtls_mpi_core_to_mont_rep(X->p, X->p, N->p, N->n, mm, RR.p, T);
+        mbedtls_mpi_core_exp_mod(X->p, X->p, N->p, N->n, E->p, E->n, RR.p, T);
+        mbedtls_mpi_core_from_mont_rep(X->p, X->p, N->p, N->n, mm, T);
     }
 
     /*
-     * process the remaining bits
+     * Correct for negative A.
      */
-    for (i = 0; i < nbits; i++) {
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mpi_select(&WW, W, w_table_used_size, x_index));
-        mpi_montmul(&W[x_index], &WW, N, mm, &T);
+    if (A->s == -1 && (E->p[0] & 1) != 0) {
+        mbedtls_ct_condition_t is_x_non_zero = mbedtls_mpi_core_check_zero_ct(X->p, X->n);
+        X->s = mbedtls_ct_mpi_sign_if(is_x_non_zero, -1, 1);
 
-        exponent_bits_in_window <<= 1;
-
-        if ((exponent_bits_in_window & ((size_t) 1 << window_bitsize)) != 0) {
-            MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mpi_select(&WW, W, w_table_used_size, 1));
-            mpi_montmul(&W[x_index], &WW, N, mm, &T);
-        }
+        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_add_mpi(X, N, X));
     }
 
-    /*
-     * W[x_index] = A^E * R * R^-1 mod N = A^E mod N
-     */
-    mpi_montred(&W[x_index], N, mm, &T);
-
-    if (neg && E->n != 0 && (E->p[0] & 1) != 0) {
-        W[x_index].s = -1;
-        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_add_mpi(&W[x_index], N, &W[x_index]));
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Load the result in the output variable.
-     */
-    MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK(mbedtls_mpi_copy(X, &W[x_index]));
-
 cleanup:
 
-    /* The first bit of the sliding window is always 1 and therefore the first
-     * half of the table was unused. */
-    for (i = w_table_used_size/2; i < w_table_used_size; i++) {
-        mbedtls_mpi_free(&W[i]);
-    }
-
-    mbedtls_mpi_free(&W[x_index]);
-    mbedtls_mpi_free(&W[1]);
-    mbedtls_mpi_free(&T);
-    mbedtls_mpi_free(&Apos);
-    mbedtls_mpi_free(&WW);
+    mbedtls_mpi_zeroize_and_free(T, T_limbs);
 
     if (prec_RR == NULL || prec_RR->p == NULL) {
         mbedtls_mpi_free(&RR);
diff --git a/library/bignum_core.c b/library/bignum_core.c
index dfed60d..1a3e0b9 100644
--- a/library/bignum_core.c
+++ b/library/bignum_core.c
@@ -856,16 +856,17 @@
     return c;
 }
 
-mbedtls_mpi_uint mbedtls_mpi_core_check_zero_ct(const mbedtls_mpi_uint *A,
-                                                size_t limbs)
+mbedtls_ct_condition_t mbedtls_mpi_core_check_zero_ct(const mbedtls_mpi_uint *A,
+                                                      size_t limbs)
 {
+    volatile const mbedtls_mpi_uint *force_read_A = A;
     mbedtls_mpi_uint bits = 0;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < limbs; i++) {
-        bits |= A[i];
+        bits |= force_read_A[i];
     }
 
-    return bits;
+    return mbedtls_ct_bool(bits);
 }
 
 void mbedtls_mpi_core_to_mont_rep(mbedtls_mpi_uint *X,
diff --git a/library/bignum_core.h b/library/bignum_core.h
index b56be0a..92c8d47 100644
--- a/library/bignum_core.h
+++ b/library/bignum_core.h
@@ -662,11 +662,11 @@
  * \param[in] A   The MPI to test.
  * \param limbs   Number of limbs in \p A.
  *
- * \return        0 if `A == 0`
- *                non-0 (may be any value) if `A != 0`.
+ * \return        MBEDTLS_CT_FALSE if `A == 0`
+ *                MBEDTLS_CT_TRUE  if `A != 0`.
  */
-mbedtls_mpi_uint mbedtls_mpi_core_check_zero_ct(const mbedtls_mpi_uint *A,
-                                                size_t limbs);
+mbedtls_ct_condition_t mbedtls_mpi_core_check_zero_ct(const mbedtls_mpi_uint *A,
+                                                      size_t limbs);
 
 /**
  * \brief          Returns the number of limbs of working memory required for
diff --git a/library/cmac.c b/library/cmac.c
index f40cae2..cd3bd3a 100644
--- a/library/cmac.c
+++ b/library/cmac.c
@@ -56,22 +56,29 @@
                               size_t blocksize)
 {
     const unsigned char R_128 = 0x87;
-    const unsigned char R_64 = 0x1B;
     unsigned char R_n, mask;
-    unsigned char overflow = 0x00;
+    uint32_t overflow = 0x00;
     int i;
 
     if (blocksize == MBEDTLS_AES_BLOCK_SIZE) {
         R_n = R_128;
-    } else if (blocksize == MBEDTLS_DES3_BLOCK_SIZE) {
+    }
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_DES_C)
+    else if (blocksize == MBEDTLS_DES3_BLOCK_SIZE) {
+        const unsigned char R_64 = 0x1B;
         R_n = R_64;
-    } else {
+    }
+#endif
+    else {
         return MBEDTLS_ERR_CIPHER_BAD_INPUT_DATA;
     }
 
-    for (i = (int) blocksize - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-        output[i] = input[i] << 1 | overflow;
-        overflow = input[i] >> 7;
+    for (i = (int) blocksize - 4; i >= 0; i -= 4) {
+        uint32_t i32 = MBEDTLS_GET_UINT32_BE(&input[i], 0);
+        uint32_t new_overflow = i32 >> 31;
+        i32 = (i32 << 1) | overflow;
+        MBEDTLS_PUT_UINT32_BE(i32, &output[i], 0);
+        overflow = new_overflow;
     }
 
     /* mask = ( input[0] >> 7 ) ? 0xff : 0x00
diff --git a/library/psa_crypto.c b/library/psa_crypto.c
index d4a8307..ec9d115 100644
--- a/library/psa_crypto.c
+++ b/library/psa_crypto.c
@@ -101,11 +101,6 @@
 
 static psa_global_data_t global_data;
 
-#if !defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG)
-mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t *const mbedtls_psa_random_state =
-    &global_data.rng.drbg;
-#endif
-
 #define GUARD_MODULE_INITIALIZED        \
     if (global_data.initialized == 0)  \
     return PSA_ERROR_BAD_STATE;
@@ -1106,6 +1101,17 @@
      * fully destroyed. */
     PSA_THREADING_CHK_GOTO_EXIT(mbedtls_mutex_lock(
                                     &mbedtls_threading_key_slot_mutex));
+
+    if (slot->state == PSA_SLOT_PENDING_DELETION) {
+        /* Another thread has destroyed the key between us locking the slot
+         * and us gaining the mutex. Unregister from the slot,
+         * and report that the key does not exist. */
+        status = psa_unregister_read(slot);
+
+        PSA_THREADING_CHK_RET(mbedtls_mutex_unlock(
+                                  &mbedtls_threading_key_slot_mutex));
+        return (status == PSA_SUCCESS) ? PSA_ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE : status;
+    }
 #endif
     /* Set the key slot containing the key description's state to
      * PENDING_DELETION. This stops new operations from registering
@@ -1115,10 +1121,10 @@
      * If the key is persistent, we can now delete the copy of the key
      * from memory. If the key is opaque, we require the driver to
      * deal with the deletion. */
-    status = psa_key_slot_state_transition(slot, PSA_SLOT_FULL,
-                                           PSA_SLOT_PENDING_DELETION);
+    overall_status = psa_key_slot_state_transition(slot, PSA_SLOT_FULL,
+                                                   PSA_SLOT_PENDING_DELETION);
 
-    if (status != PSA_SUCCESS) {
+    if (overall_status != PSA_SUCCESS) {
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -7103,7 +7109,7 @@
                                MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_SOURCE_STRONG);
 #endif
 
-    mbedtls_psa_drbg_init(MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE);
+    mbedtls_psa_drbg_init(&rng->drbg);
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
 }
 
@@ -7114,7 +7120,7 @@
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG)
     memset(rng, 0, sizeof(*rng));
 #else /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
-    mbedtls_psa_drbg_free(MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE);
+    mbedtls_psa_drbg_free(&rng->drbg);
     rng->entropy_free(&rng->entropy);
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
 }
@@ -7129,7 +7135,7 @@
     return PSA_SUCCESS;
 #else /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
     const unsigned char drbg_seed[] = "PSA";
-    int ret = mbedtls_psa_drbg_seed(&rng->entropy,
+    int ret = mbedtls_psa_drbg_seed(&rng->drbg, &rng->entropy,
                                     drbg_seed, sizeof(drbg_seed) - 1);
     return mbedtls_to_psa_error(ret);
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
@@ -7159,12 +7165,16 @@
 #else /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
 
     while (output_size > 0) {
+        int ret = MBEDTLS_ERR_PLATFORM_FEATURE_UNSUPPORTED;
         size_t request_size =
             (output_size > MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_MAX_REQUEST ?
              MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_MAX_REQUEST :
              output_size);
-        int ret = mbedtls_psa_get_random(MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE,
-                                         output, request_size);
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
+        ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random(&global_data.rng.drbg, output, request_size);
+#elif defined(MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C)
+        ret = mbedtls_hmac_drbg_random(&global_data.rng.drbg, output, request_size);
+#endif /* !MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && !MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C */
         if (ret != 0) {
             return mbedtls_to_psa_error(ret);
         }
@@ -7175,39 +7185,6 @@
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
 }
 
-/* Wrapper function allowing the classic API to use the PSA RNG.
- *
- * `mbedtls_psa_get_random(MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE, ...)` calls
- * `psa_generate_random(...)`. The state parameter is ignored since the
- * PSA API doesn't support passing an explicit state.
- *
- * In the non-external case, psa_generate_random() calls an
- * `mbedtls_xxx_drbg_random` function which has exactly the same signature
- * and semantics as mbedtls_psa_get_random(). As an optimization,
- * instead of doing this back-and-forth between the PSA API and the
- * classic API, psa_crypto_random_impl.h defines `mbedtls_psa_get_random`
- * as a constant function pointer to `mbedtls_xxx_drbg_random`.
- */
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG)
-int mbedtls_psa_get_random(void *p_rng,
-                           unsigned char *output,
-                           size_t output_size)
-{
-    /* This function takes a pointer to the RNG state because that's what
-     * classic mbedtls functions using an RNG expect. The PSA RNG manages
-     * its own state internally and doesn't let the caller access that state.
-     * So we just ignore the state parameter, and in practice we'll pass
-     * NULL. */
-    (void) p_rng;
-    psa_status_t status = psa_generate_random(output, output_size);
-    if (status == PSA_SUCCESS) {
-        return 0;
-    } else {
-        return MBEDTLS_ERR_ENTROPY_SOURCE_FAILED;
-    }
-}
-#endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
-
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_INJECT_ENTROPY)
 psa_status_t mbedtls_psa_inject_entropy(const uint8_t *seed,
                                         size_t seed_size)
diff --git a/library/psa_crypto_random_impl.h b/library/psa_crypto_random_impl.h
index 64b8949..533fb2e 100644
--- a/library/psa_crypto_random_impl.h
+++ b/library/psa_crypto_random_impl.h
@@ -1,14 +1,6 @@
 /** \file psa_crypto_random_impl.h
  *
  * \brief PSA crypto random generator implementation abstraction.
- *
- * The definitions here need to be consistent with the declarations
- * in include/psa_util_internal.h. This file contains some redundant
- * declarations to increase the chance that a compiler will detect
- * inconsistencies if one file is changed without updating the other,
- * but not all potential inconsistencies can be enforced, so make sure
- * to check the public declarations and contracts in
- * include/psa_util_internal.h if you modify this file.
  */
 /*
  *  Copyright The Mbed TLS Contributors
@@ -22,22 +14,12 @@
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG)
 
-#include <string.h>
-#include <mbedtls/entropy.h> // only for error codes
-#include <psa/crypto.h>
-
 typedef mbedtls_psa_external_random_context_t mbedtls_psa_random_context_t;
 
-/* Trivial wrapper around psa_generate_random(). */
-int mbedtls_psa_get_random(void *p_rng,
-                           unsigned char *output,
-                           size_t output_size);
-
-/* The PSA RNG API doesn't need any externally maintained state. */
-#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE NULL
-
 #else /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG */
 
+#include "mbedtls/entropy.h"
+
 /* Choose a DRBG based on configuration and availability */
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_HMAC_DRBG_MD_TYPE)
 
@@ -67,11 +49,37 @@
 #error "No hash algorithm available for HMAC_DBRG."
 #endif
 
-#else
+#else /* !MBEDTLS_PSA_HMAC_DRBG_MD_TYPE && !MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && !MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C*/
+
 #error "No DRBG module available for the psa_crypto module."
+
+#endif /* !MBEDTLS_PSA_HMAC_DRBG_MD_TYPE && !MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && !MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C*/
+
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
+#include "mbedtls/ctr_drbg.h"
+#elif defined(MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C)
+#include "mbedtls/hmac_drbg.h"
+#endif /* !MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && !MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C */
+
+/* The maximum number of bytes that mbedtls_psa_get_random() is expected to return. */
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
+#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_MAX_REQUEST MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_MAX_REQUEST
+#elif defined(MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C)
+#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_MAX_REQUEST MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_MAX_REQUEST
 #endif
 
-#include "mbedtls/entropy.h"
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
+typedef mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context            mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t;
+#elif defined(MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C)
+typedef mbedtls_hmac_drbg_context           mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t;
+#endif /* !MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && !MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C */
+
+typedef struct {
+    void (* entropy_init)(mbedtls_entropy_context *ctx);
+    void (* entropy_free)(mbedtls_entropy_context *ctx);
+    mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
+    mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t drbg;
+} mbedtls_psa_random_context_t;
 
 /** Initialize the PSA DRBG.
  *
@@ -99,63 +107,6 @@
 #endif
 }
 
-/** The type of the PSA random generator context.
- *
- * The random generator context is composed of an entropy context and
- * a DRBG context.
- */
-typedef struct {
-    void (* entropy_init)(mbedtls_entropy_context *ctx);
-    void (* entropy_free)(mbedtls_entropy_context *ctx);
-    mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
-    mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t drbg;
-} mbedtls_psa_random_context_t;
-
-/* Defined in include/psa_util_internal.h so that it's visible to
- * application code. The declaration here is redundant, but included
- * as a safety net to make it more likely that a future change that
- * accidentally causes the implementation to diverge from the interface
- * will be noticed. */
-/* Do not include the declaration under MSVC because it doesn't accept it
- * ("error C2370: 'mbedtls_psa_get_random' : redefinition; different storage class").
- * Observed with Visual Studio 2013. A known bug apparently:
- * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8146541/duplicate-external-static-declarations-not-allowed-in-visual-studio
- */
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
-static mbedtls_f_rng_t *const mbedtls_psa_get_random;
-#endif
-
-/** The maximum number of bytes that mbedtls_psa_get_random() is expected to
- * return.
- */
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
-#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_MAX_REQUEST MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_MAX_REQUEST
-#elif defined(MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C)
-#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_MAX_REQUEST MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_MAX_REQUEST
-#endif
-
-/** A pointer to the PSA DRBG state.
- *
- * This variable is only intended to be used through the macro
- * #MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE.
- */
-/* psa_crypto.c sets this variable to a pointer to the DRBG state in the
- * global PSA crypto state. */
-/* The type `mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t` is defined in
- * include/psa_util_internal.h so that `mbedtls_psa_random_state` can be
- * declared there and be visible to application code. */
-extern mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t *const mbedtls_psa_random_state;
-
-/** A pointer to the PSA DRBG state.
- *
- * This macro expands to an expression that is suitable as the \c p_rng
- * parameter to pass to mbedtls_psa_get_random().
- *
- * This macro exists in all configurations where the psa_crypto module is
- * enabled. Its expansion depends on the configuration.
- */
-#define MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE mbedtls_psa_random_state
-
 /** Seed the PSA DRBG.
  *
  * \param entropy       An entropy context to read the seed from.
@@ -167,23 +118,15 @@
  * \return              \c 0 on success.
  * \return              An Mbed TLS error code (\c MBEDTLS_ERR_xxx) on failure.
  */
-static inline int mbedtls_psa_drbg_seed(
-    mbedtls_entropy_context *entropy,
-    const unsigned char *custom, size_t len)
+static inline int mbedtls_psa_drbg_seed(mbedtls_psa_drbg_context_t *drbg_ctx,
+                                        mbedtls_entropy_context *entropy,
+                                        const unsigned char *custom, size_t len)
 {
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
-    return mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed(MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE,
-                                 mbedtls_entropy_func,
-                                 entropy,
-                                 custom, len);
+    return mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed(drbg_ctx, mbedtls_entropy_func, entropy, custom, len);
 #elif defined(MBEDTLS_HMAC_DRBG_C)
-    const mbedtls_md_info_t *md_info =
-        mbedtls_md_info_from_type(MBEDTLS_PSA_HMAC_DRBG_MD_TYPE);
-    return mbedtls_hmac_drbg_seed(MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE,
-                                  md_info,
-                                  mbedtls_entropy_func,
-                                  entropy,
-                                  custom, len);
+    const mbedtls_md_info_t *md_info = mbedtls_md_info_from_type(MBEDTLS_PSA_HMAC_DRBG_MD_TYPE);
+    return mbedtls_hmac_drbg_seed(drbg_ctx, md_info, mbedtls_entropy_func, entropy, custom, len);
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/library/psa_util.c b/library/psa_util.c
index 125b173..4ccc5b0 100644
--- a/library/psa_util.c
+++ b/library/psa_util.c
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "psa_util_internal.h"
 
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C)
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT)
 
 #include <psa/crypto.h>
 
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BLOCK_CIPHER_SOME_PSA)
 #include <mbedtls/cipher.h>
 #endif
+#include <mbedtls/entropy.h>
 
 /* PSA_SUCCESS is kept at the top of each error table since
  * it's the most common status when everything functions properly. */
@@ -338,7 +339,31 @@
 }
 #endif /* PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_ECC_PUBLIC_KEY */
 
-#endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C */
+/* Wrapper function allowing the classic API to use the PSA RNG.
+ *
+ * `mbedtls_psa_get_random(MBEDTLS_PSA_RANDOM_STATE, ...)` calls
+ * `psa_generate_random(...)`. The state parameter is ignored since the
+ * PSA API doesn't support passing an explicit state.
+ */
+int mbedtls_psa_get_random(void *p_rng,
+                           unsigned char *output,
+                           size_t output_size)
+{
+    /* This function takes a pointer to the RNG state because that's what
+     * classic mbedtls functions using an RNG expect. The PSA RNG manages
+     * its own state internally and doesn't let the caller access that state.
+     * So we just ignore the state parameter, and in practice we'll pass
+     * NULL. */
+    (void) p_rng;
+    psa_status_t status = psa_generate_random(output, output_size);
+    if (status == PSA_SUCCESS) {
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        return MBEDTLS_ERR_ENTROPY_SOURCE_FAILED;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_UTIL_HAVE_ECDSA)
 
diff --git a/library/psa_util_internal.h b/library/psa_util_internal.h
index 3e62d5f..70a08a0 100644
--- a/library/psa_util_internal.h
+++ b/library/psa_util_internal.h
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "psa/crypto.h"
 
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C)
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT)
 
 /*************************************************************************
  * FFDH
@@ -96,5 +96,5 @@
                           sizeof(error_list)/sizeof(error_list[0]),   \
                           fallback_f)
 
-#endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C */
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT */
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_UTIL_INTERNAL_H */
diff --git a/library/sha3.c b/library/sha3.c
index 27d495f..5738559 100644
--- a/library/sha3.c
+++ b/library/sha3.c
@@ -14,6 +14,33 @@
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_SHA3_C)
 
+/*
+ * These macros select manually unrolled implementations of parts of the main permutation function.
+ *
+ * Unrolling has a major impact on both performance and code size. gcc performance benefits a lot
+ * from manually unrolling at higher optimisation levels.
+ *
+ * Depending on your size/perf priorities, compiler and target, it may be beneficial to adjust
+ * these; the defaults here should give sensible trade-offs for gcc and clang on aarch64 and
+ * x86-64.
+ */
+#if !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA3_THETA_UNROLL)
+    #define MBEDTLS_SHA3_THETA_UNROLL 0 //no-check-names
+#endif
+#if !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA3_CHI_UNROLL)
+    #if defined(__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__)
+        #define MBEDTLS_SHA3_CHI_UNROLL 0 //no-check-names
+    #else
+        #define MBEDTLS_SHA3_CHI_UNROLL 1 //no-check-names
+    #endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA3_PI_UNROLL)
+    #define MBEDTLS_SHA3_PI_UNROLL 1 //no-check-names
+#endif
+#if !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA3_RHO_UNROLL)
+    #define MBEDTLS_SHA3_RHO_UNROLL 1 //no-check-names
+#endif
+
 #include "mbedtls/sha3.h"
 #include "mbedtls/platform_util.h"
 #include "mbedtls/error.h"
@@ -56,18 +83,15 @@
 };
 #undef H
 
-static const uint8_t rho[24] = {
-    1, 62, 28, 27, 36, 44,  6, 55, 20,
-    3, 10, 43, 25, 39, 41, 45, 15,
-    21,  8, 18,  2, 61, 56, 14
+static const uint32_t rho[6] = {
+    0x3f022425, 0x1c143a09, 0x2c3d3615, 0x27191713, 0x312b382e, 0x3e030832
 };
 
-static const uint8_t pi[24] = {
-    10,  7, 11, 17, 18, 3,  5, 16,  8, 21, 24, 4,
-    15, 23, 19, 13, 12, 2, 20, 14, 22,  9,  6, 1,
+static const uint32_t pi[6] = {
+    0x110b070a, 0x10050312, 0x04181508, 0x0d13170f, 0x0e14020c, 0x01060916
 };
 
-#define ROT64(x, y) (((x) << (y)) | ((x) >> (64U - (y))))
+#define ROTR64(x, y) (((x) << (64U - (y))) | ((x) >> (y))) // 64-bit rotate right
 #define ABSORB(ctx, idx, v) do { ctx->state[(idx) >> 3] ^= ((uint64_t) (v)) << (((idx) & 0x7) << 3); \
 } while (0)
 #define SQUEEZE(ctx, idx) ((uint8_t) (ctx->state[(idx) >> 3] >> (((idx) & 0x7) << 3)))
@@ -84,39 +108,97 @@
         uint64_t t;
 
         /* Theta */
+#if MBEDTLS_SHA3_THETA_UNROLL == 0 //no-check-names
+        for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            lane[i] = s[i] ^ s[i + 5] ^ s[i + 10] ^ s[i + 15] ^ s[i + 20];
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            t = lane[(i + 4) % 5] ^ ROTR64(lane[(i + 1) % 5], 63);
+            s[i] ^= t; s[i + 5] ^= t; s[i + 10] ^= t; s[i + 15] ^= t; s[i + 20] ^= t;
+        }
+#else
         lane[0] = s[0] ^ s[5] ^ s[10] ^ s[15] ^ s[20];
         lane[1] = s[1] ^ s[6] ^ s[11] ^ s[16] ^ s[21];
         lane[2] = s[2] ^ s[7] ^ s[12] ^ s[17] ^ s[22];
         lane[3] = s[3] ^ s[8] ^ s[13] ^ s[18] ^ s[23];
         lane[4] = s[4] ^ s[9] ^ s[14] ^ s[19] ^ s[24];
 
-        t = lane[4] ^ ROT64(lane[1], 1);
+        t = lane[4] ^ ROTR64(lane[1], 63);
         s[0] ^= t; s[5] ^= t; s[10] ^= t; s[15] ^= t; s[20] ^= t;
 
-        t = lane[0] ^ ROT64(lane[2], 1);
+        t = lane[0] ^ ROTR64(lane[2], 63);
         s[1] ^= t; s[6] ^= t; s[11] ^= t; s[16] ^= t; s[21] ^= t;
 
-        t = lane[1] ^ ROT64(lane[3], 1);
+        t = lane[1] ^ ROTR64(lane[3], 63);
         s[2] ^= t; s[7] ^= t; s[12] ^= t; s[17] ^= t; s[22] ^= t;
 
-        t = lane[2] ^ ROT64(lane[4], 1);
+        t = lane[2] ^ ROTR64(lane[4], 63);
         s[3] ^= t; s[8] ^= t; s[13] ^= t; s[18] ^= t; s[23] ^= t;
 
-        t = lane[3] ^ ROT64(lane[0], 1);
+        t = lane[3] ^ ROTR64(lane[0], 63);
         s[4] ^= t; s[9] ^= t; s[14] ^= t; s[19] ^= t; s[24] ^= t;
+#endif
 
         /* Rho */
-        for (i = 1; i < 25; i++) {
-            s[i] = ROT64(s[i], rho[i-1]);
+        for (i = 1; i < 25; i += 4) {
+            uint32_t r = rho[(i - 1) >> 2];
+#if MBEDTLS_SHA3_RHO_UNROLL == 0
+            for (int j = i; j < i + 4; j++) {
+                uint8_t r8 = (uint8_t) (r >> 24);
+                r <<= 8;
+                s[j] = ROTR64(s[j], r8);
+            }
+#else
+            s[i + 0] = ROTR64(s[i + 0], MBEDTLS_BYTE_3(r));
+            s[i + 1] = ROTR64(s[i + 1], MBEDTLS_BYTE_2(r));
+            s[i + 2] = ROTR64(s[i + 2], MBEDTLS_BYTE_1(r));
+            s[i + 3] = ROTR64(s[i + 3], MBEDTLS_BYTE_0(r));
+#endif
         }
 
         /* Pi */
         t = s[1];
-        for (i = 0; i < 24; i++) {
-            SWAP(s[pi[i]], t);
+#if MBEDTLS_SHA3_PI_UNROLL == 0
+        for (i = 0; i < 24; i += 4) {
+            uint32_t p = pi[i >> 2];
+            for (unsigned j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+                SWAP(s[p & 0xff], t);
+                p >>= 8;
+            }
         }
+#else
+        uint32_t p = pi[0];
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_0(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_1(p)], t);
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_2(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_3(p)], t);
+        p = pi[1];
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_0(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_1(p)], t);
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_2(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_3(p)], t);
+        p = pi[2];
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_0(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_1(p)], t);
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_2(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_3(p)], t);
+        p = pi[3];
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_0(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_1(p)], t);
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_2(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_3(p)], t);
+        p = pi[4];
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_0(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_1(p)], t);
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_2(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_3(p)], t);
+        p = pi[5];
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_0(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_1(p)], t);
+        SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_2(p)], t); SWAP(s[MBEDTLS_BYTE_3(p)], t);
+#endif
 
         /* Chi */
+#if MBEDTLS_SHA3_CHI_UNROLL == 0 //no-check-names
+        for (i = 0; i <= 20; i += 5) {
+            lane[0] = s[i]; lane[1] = s[i + 1]; lane[2] = s[i + 2];
+            lane[3] = s[i + 3]; lane[4] = s[i + 4];
+            s[i + 0] ^= (~lane[1]) & lane[2];
+            s[i + 1] ^= (~lane[2]) & lane[3];
+            s[i + 2] ^= (~lane[3]) & lane[4];
+            s[i + 3] ^= (~lane[4]) & lane[0];
+            s[i + 4] ^= (~lane[0]) & lane[1];
+        }
+#else
         lane[0] = s[0]; lane[1] = s[1]; lane[2] = s[2]; lane[3] = s[3]; lane[4] = s[4];
         s[0] ^= (~lane[1]) & lane[2];
         s[1] ^= (~lane[2]) & lane[3];
@@ -151,6 +233,7 @@
         s[22] ^= (~lane[3]) & lane[4];
         s[23] ^= (~lane[4]) & lane[0];
         s[24] ^= (~lane[0]) & lane[1];
+#endif
 
         /* Iota */
         /* Decompress the round masks (see definition of rc) */
diff --git a/tests/scripts/all.sh b/tests/scripts/all.sh
index fcb465e..21071bd 100755
--- a/tests/scripts/all.sh
+++ b/tests/scripts/all.sh
@@ -1110,6 +1110,8 @@
     echo "MBEDTLS_ECP_RESTARTABLE" >> $expected
     # No PSA equivalent - needed by some init tests
     echo "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_NV_SEED" >> $expected
+    # No PSA equivalent - required to run threaded tests.
+    echo "MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD" >> $expected
 
     # Compare reality with expectation.
     # We want an exact match, to ensure the above list remains up-to-date.
@@ -2198,6 +2200,8 @@
     scripts/config.py full
     scripts/config.py set MBEDTLS_THREADING_C
     scripts/config.py set MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+    # Self-tests do not currently use multiple threads.
+    scripts/config.py unset MBEDTLS_SELF_TEST
 
     CC=clang cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:String=TSan .
     make
@@ -4777,6 +4781,26 @@
     not grep -q "AES note: built-in implementation." ./programs/test/selftest
 }
 
+component_test_sha3_variations() {
+    msg "sha3 loop unroll variations"
+
+    # define minimal config sufficient to test SHA3
+    cat > include/mbedtls/mbedtls_config.h << END
+        #define MBEDTLS_SELF_TEST
+        #define MBEDTLS_SHA3_C
+END
+
+    msg "all loops unrolled"
+    make clean
+    make -C tests test_suite_shax CFLAGS="-DMBEDTLS_SHA3_THETA_UNROLL=1 -DMBEDTLS_SHA3_PI_UNROLL=1 -DMBEDTLS_SHA3_CHI_UNROLL=1 -DMBEDTLS_SHA3_RHO_UNROLL=1"
+    ./tests/test_suite_shax
+
+    msg "all loops rolled up"
+    make clean
+    make -C tests test_suite_shax CFLAGS="-DMBEDTLS_SHA3_THETA_UNROLL=0 -DMBEDTLS_SHA3_PI_UNROLL=0 -DMBEDTLS_SHA3_CHI_UNROLL=0 -DMBEDTLS_SHA3_RHO_UNROLL=0"
+    ./tests/test_suite_shax
+}
+
 support_test_aesni_m32() {
     support_test_m32_no_asm && (lscpu | grep -qw aes)
 }
diff --git a/tests/src/psa_crypto_stubs.c b/tests/src/psa_crypto_stubs.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3ca850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/src/psa_crypto_stubs.c
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/** \file psa_crypto_stubs.c
+ *
+ * \brief Stub functions when MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT is enabled but
+ *        MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C is disabled.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Copyright The Mbed TLS Contributors
+ *  SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include <psa/crypto.h>
+
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT) && !defined(MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C)
+
+psa_status_t psa_generate_random(uint8_t *output,
+                                 size_t output_size)
+{
+    (void) output;
+    (void) output_size;
+
+    return PSA_ERROR_COMMUNICATION_FAILURE;
+}
+
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT && !MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C */
diff --git a/tests/suites/test_suite_bignum.function b/tests/suites/test_suite_bignum.function
index 50be2d2..f3a64e1 100644
--- a/tests/suites/test_suite_bignum.function
+++ b/tests/suites/test_suite_bignum.function
@@ -966,6 +966,45 @@
 /* END_CASE */
 
 /* BEGIN_CASE */
+void mpi_exp_mod_min_RR(char *input_A, char *input_E,
+                        char *input_N, char *input_X,
+                        int exp_result)
+{
+    mbedtls_mpi A, E, N, RR, Z, X;
+    int res;
+    mbedtls_mpi_init(&A); mbedtls_mpi_init(&E); mbedtls_mpi_init(&N);
+    mbedtls_mpi_init(&RR); mbedtls_mpi_init(&Z); mbedtls_mpi_init(&X);
+
+    TEST_EQUAL(mbedtls_test_read_mpi(&A, input_A), 0);
+    TEST_EQUAL(mbedtls_test_read_mpi(&E, input_E), 0);
+    TEST_EQUAL(mbedtls_test_read_mpi(&N, input_N), 0);
+    TEST_EQUAL(mbedtls_test_read_mpi(&X, input_X), 0);
+
+    TEST_EQUAL(mbedtls_mpi_core_get_mont_r2_unsafe(&RR, &N), 0);
+    TEST_EQUAL(mbedtls_mpi_shrink(&RR, 0), 0);
+    /* The objective of this test is to check that exp_mod defends
+     * against a smaller RR. */
+    TEST_LE_U(RR.n, N.n - 1);
+
+    res = mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod(&Z, &A, &E, &N, &RR);
+    /* We know that exp_mod internally needs RR to be as large as N.
+     * Validate that it is the case now, otherwise there was probably
+     * a buffer overread. */
+    TEST_EQUAL(RR.n, N.n);
+
+    TEST_EQUAL(res, exp_result);
+    if (res == 0) {
+        TEST_EQUAL(sign_is_valid(&Z), 1);
+        TEST_EQUAL(mbedtls_mpi_cmp_mpi(&Z, &X), 0);
+    }
+
+exit:
+    mbedtls_mpi_free(&A); mbedtls_mpi_free(&E); mbedtls_mpi_free(&N);
+    mbedtls_mpi_free(&RR); mbedtls_mpi_free(&Z); mbedtls_mpi_free(&X);
+}
+/* END_CASE */
+
+/* BEGIN_CASE */
 void mpi_exp_mod(char *input_A, char *input_E,
                  char *input_N, char *input_X,
                  int exp_result)
diff --git a/tests/suites/test_suite_bignum.misc.data b/tests/suites/test_suite_bignum.misc.data
index c53e42a..eb55dbe 100644
--- a/tests/suites/test_suite_bignum.misc.data
+++ b/tests/suites/test_suite_bignum.misc.data
@@ -1362,6 +1362,9 @@
 Test mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod: 10 ^ 0 (1 limb) mod 9
 mpi_exp_mod:"0a":"00":"09":"1":0
 
+Test mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod: -3 ^ 3 mod 27
+mpi_exp_mod:"-3":"3":"1b":"1b":0
+
 Test mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod: MAX_SIZE exponent
 mpi_exp_mod_size:2:MBEDTLS_MPI_MAX_SIZE:10:"":0
 
@@ -1391,6 +1394,14 @@
 depends_on:MPI_MAX_BITS_LARGER_THAN_792
 mpi_exp_mod:"-9f13012cd92aa72fb86ac8879d2fde4f7fd661aaae43a00971f081cc60ca277059d5c37e89652e2af2585d281d66ef6a9d38a117e9608e9e7574cd142dc55278838a2161dd56db9470d4c1da2d5df15a908ee2eb886aaa890f23be16de59386663a12f1afbb325431a3e835e3fd89b98b96a6f77382f458ef9a37e1f84a03045c8676ab55291a94c2228ea15448ee96b626b998":"40a54d1b9e86789f06d9607fb158672d64867665c73ee9abb545fc7a785634b354c7bae5b962ce8040cf45f2c1f3d3659b2ee5ede17534c8fc2ec85c815e8df1fe7048d12c90ee31b88a68a081f17f0d8ce5f4030521e9400083bcea73a429031d4ca7949c2000d597088e0c39a6014d8bf962b73bb2e8083bd0390a4e00b9b3":"eeaf0ab9adb38dd69c33f80afa8fc5e86072618775ff3c0b9ea2314c9c256576d674df7496ea81d3383b4813d692c6e0e0d5d8e250b98be48e495c1d6089dad15dc7d7b46154d6b6ce8ef4ad69b15d4982559b297bcf1885c529f566660e57ec68edbc3c05726cc02fd4cbf4976eaa9afd5138fe8376435b9fc61d2fc0eb06e3":"21acc7199e1b90f9b4844ffe12c19f00ec548c5d32b21c647d48b6015d8eb9ec9db05b4f3d44db4227a2b5659c1a7cceb9d5fa8fa60376047953ce7397d90aaeb7465e14e820734f84aa52ad0fc66701bcbb991d57715806a11531268e1e83dd48288c72b424a6287e9ce4e5cc4db0dd67614aecc23b0124a5776d36e5c89483":0
 
+Test mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod (N.n=3, RR.n=1 on 32 bit)
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_HAVE_INT32
+mpi_exp_mod_min_RR:"10":"2":"10000000100000001":"100":0
+
+Test mbedtls_mpi_exp_mod (N.n=3, RR.n=1 on 64 bit)
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_HAVE_INT64
+mpi_exp_mod_min_RR:"10":"2":"100000000000000010000000000000001":"100":0
+
 Base test GCD #1
 mpi_gcd:"2b5":"261":"15"
 
diff --git a/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.data b/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.data
index c55af03..b633c6f 100644
--- a/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.data
+++ b/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.data
@@ -7532,6 +7532,150 @@
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_ECC_SECP_R1_256:PSA_WANT_ALG_ECDH
 generate_key_ext:PSA_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR(PSA_ECC_FAMILY_SECP_R1):256:PSA_KEY_USAGE_DERIVE:PSA_ALG_ECDH:0:"2a":PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT
 
+PSA concurrent key generation: bad type (RSA public key)
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUBLIC_KEY:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUBLIC_KEY:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: raw data, 0 bits: invalid argument
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+# The spec allows either INVALID_ARGUMENT or NOT_SUPPORTED
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RAW_DATA:0:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: raw data, 7 bits: invalid argument
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RAW_DATA:7:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: raw data, 8 bits
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RAW_DATA:8:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation- raw data, 9 bits: invalid argument
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RAW_DATA:9:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: raw data, (MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_MAX_REQUEST + 1) * 8 bits
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RAW_DATA:(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_MAX_REQUEST + 1) * 8:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: raw data, (2 * MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_MAX_REQUEST + 1) * 8 bits
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RAW_DATA:(2 * MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_MAX_REQUEST + 1) * 8:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: raw data, 65528 bits (large key, ok if it fits)
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RAW_DATA:65528:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_SUCCESS:1:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: raw data, 65536 bits (not supported)
+depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RAW_DATA:65536:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:0:PSA_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: AES, 128 bits, CTR
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_CTR:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_AES:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_AES:128:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_CTR:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: AES, 128 bits, GCM
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_GCM:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_AES:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_AES:128:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_GCM:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: DES, 64 bits, CBC-nopad
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_CBC_NO_PADDING:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DES:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DES:64:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_CBC_NO_PADDING:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: DES, 128 bits, CBC-nopad
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_CBC_NO_PADDING:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DES:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DES:128:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_CBC_NO_PADDING:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: DES, 192 bits, CBC-nopad
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_CBC_NO_PADDING:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DES:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DES:192:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_CBC_NO_PADDING:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: invalid key size: AES, 64 bits
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_CTR:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_AES:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_AES:64:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_CTR:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, minimum allowed key size, good, sign (PKCS#1 v1.5)
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_SIGN:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS > 128:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_SIGN_HASH | PSA_KEY_USAGE_VERIFY_HASH:PSA_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_SIGN_RAW:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, 1032 bits, good, sign (PKCS#1 v1.5)
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_SIGN:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS <= 1032:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:1032:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_SIGN_HASH | PSA_KEY_USAGE_VERIFY_HASH:PSA_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_SIGN_RAW:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, 1024 bits, good, sign (PSS SHA-256)
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PSS:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS <= 1024:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:1024:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_SIGN_HASH | PSA_KEY_USAGE_VERIFY_HASH:PSA_ALG_RSA_PSS(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, 1024 bits, good, sign (PSS-any-salt SHA-256)
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PSS:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS <= 1024:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:1024:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_SIGN_HASH | PSA_KEY_USAGE_VERIFY_HASH:PSA_ALG_RSA_PSS_ANY_SALT(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, minimum allowed key size, good, encrypt (PKCS#1 v1.5)
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS >= 256:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS <= 2048:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, 1024 bits, good, encrypt (OAEP SHA-256)
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_OAEP:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS <= 1024:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:1024:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_RSA_OAEP(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, 0 bits: invalid
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+# The spec allows either INVALID_ARGUMENT or NOT_SUPPORTED
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:0:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, size not multiple of 8: not supported
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS + 62:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, size not multiple of 2: not supported
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_GENERATE_MIN_KEY_BITS + 63:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: RSA, maximum size exceeded
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_RSA_KEY_PAIR:PSA_VENDOR_RSA_MAX_KEY_BITS+8:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_ENCRYPT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DECRYPT:PSA_ALG_RSA_PKCS1V15_CRYPT:PSA_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: ECC, SECP256R1, good
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_ECDSA:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_ECC_SECP_R1_256:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR(PSA_ECC_FAMILY_SECP_R1):256:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_SIGN_HASH | PSA_KEY_USAGE_VERIFY_HASH:PSA_ALG_ECDSA_ANY:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: ECC, SECP256R1, incorrect bit size
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_ECDSA:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR_BASIC:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR_IMPORT:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR_EXPORT:PSA_WANT_ECC_SECP_R1_256:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+# INVALID_ARGUMENT would make more sense, but our code as currently structured
+# doesn't fully relate the curve with its size.
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR(PSA_ECC_FAMILY_SECP_R1):128:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_SIGN_HASH | PSA_KEY_USAGE_VERIFY_HASH:PSA_ALG_ECDSA_ANY:PSA_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: ECC, Curve25519, good
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_ECDH:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_ECC_MONTGOMERY_255:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR(PSA_ECC_FAMILY_MONTGOMERY):255:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DERIVE:PSA_ALG_ECDH:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: ECC, Curve448, good
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_ECDH:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_ECC_MONTGOMERY_448:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_ECC_KEY_PAIR(PSA_ECC_FAMILY_MONTGOMERY):448:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT | PSA_KEY_USAGE_DERIVE:PSA_ALG_ECDH:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: FFDH, 2048 bits, good
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_FFDH:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_DH_RFC7919_2048:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR(PSA_DH_FAMILY_RFC7919):2048:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:PSA_ALG_FFDH:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: FFDH, 3072 bits, good
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_FFDH:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_DH_RFC7919_3072:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR(PSA_DH_FAMILY_RFC7919):3072:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:PSA_ALG_FFDH:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: FFDH, 4096 bits, good
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_FFDH:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_DH_RFC7919_4096:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR(PSA_DH_FAMILY_RFC7919):4096:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:PSA_ALG_FFDH:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: FFDH, 6144 bits, good
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_FFDH:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_DH_RFC7919_6144:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR(PSA_DH_FAMILY_RFC7919):6144:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:PSA_ALG_FFDH:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: FFDH, 8192 bits, good
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_FFDH:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:PSA_WANT_DH_RFC7919_8192:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR(PSA_DH_FAMILY_RFC7919):8192:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:PSA_ALG_FFDH:PSA_SUCCESS:0:8:5
+
+PSA concurrent key generation: FFDH, 1024 bits, invalid bits
+depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_FFDH:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR_GENERATE:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+concurrently_generate_keys:PSA_KEY_TYPE_DH_KEY_PAIR(PSA_DH_FAMILY_RFC7919):1024:PSA_KEY_USAGE_EXPORT:PSA_ALG_FFDH:PSA_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED:0:8:5
+
 Key production parameters initializers
 key_production_parameters_init:
 
diff --git a/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.function b/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.function
index 09874a1..1141597 100644
--- a/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.function
+++ b/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.function
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@
 #define TEST_DRIVER_LOCATION 0x7fffff
 #endif
 
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD)
+#include "mbedtls/threading.h"
+#endif
+
 /* If this comes up, it's a bug in the test code or in the test data. */
 #define UNUSED 0xdeadbeef
 
@@ -1333,6 +1337,66 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD)
+typedef struct generate_key_context {
+    psa_key_type_t type;
+    psa_key_usage_t usage;
+    size_t bits;
+    psa_algorithm_t alg;
+    psa_status_t expected_status;
+    psa_key_attributes_t *attributes;
+    int is_large_key;
+    int reps;
+}
+generate_key_context;
+void *thread_generate_key(void *ctx)
+{
+    mbedtls_svc_key_id_t key = MBEDTLS_SVC_KEY_ID_INIT;
+    psa_key_attributes_t got_attributes = PSA_KEY_ATTRIBUTES_INIT;
+    generate_key_context *gkc = (struct generate_key_context *) ctx;
+
+    /* If there are race conditions, it is likely the case that they do not
+     * arise every time the code runs. We repeat the code to increase the
+     * chance that any race conditions will be hit. */
+    for (int n = 0; n < gkc->reps; n++) {
+        /* Generate a key */
+        psa_status_t status = psa_generate_key(gkc->attributes, &key);
+
+        if (gkc->is_large_key > 0) {
+            TEST_ASSUME(status != PSA_ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_MEMORY);
+        }
+
+        TEST_EQUAL(status, gkc->expected_status);
+        if (gkc->expected_status != PSA_SUCCESS) {
+            PSA_ASSERT(psa_destroy_key(key));
+            goto exit;
+        }
+
+        /* Test the key information */
+        PSA_ASSERT(psa_get_key_attributes(key, &got_attributes));
+        TEST_EQUAL(psa_get_key_type(&got_attributes), gkc->type);
+        TEST_EQUAL(psa_get_key_bits(&got_attributes), gkc->bits);
+
+        /* Do something with the key according
+         * to its type and permitted usage. */
+        if (!mbedtls_test_psa_exercise_key(key, gkc->usage, gkc->alg)) {
+            psa_destroy_key(key);
+            goto exit;
+        }
+        psa_reset_key_attributes(&got_attributes);
+
+        PSA_ASSERT(psa_destroy_key(key));
+    }
+exit:
+    /*
+     * Key attributes may have been returned by psa_get_key_attributes()
+     * thus reset them as required.
+     */
+    psa_reset_key_attributes(&got_attributes);
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD */
+
 /* END_HEADER */
 
 /* BEGIN_DEPENDENCIES
@@ -9783,6 +9847,59 @@
 }
 /* END_CASE */
 
+#if defined MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD
+
+/* BEGIN_CASE depends_on:MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD */
+void concurrently_generate_keys(int type_arg,
+                                int bits_arg,
+                                int usage_arg,
+                                int alg_arg,
+                                int expected_status_arg,
+                                int is_large_key_arg,
+                                int arg_thread_count,
+                                int reps_arg)
+{
+    size_t thread_count = (size_t) arg_thread_count;
+    mbedtls_test_thread_t *threads = NULL;
+    generate_key_context gkc;
+    gkc.type = type_arg;
+    gkc.usage = usage_arg;
+    gkc.bits = bits_arg;
+    gkc.alg = alg_arg;
+    gkc.expected_status = expected_status_arg;
+    gkc.is_large_key = is_large_key_arg;
+    gkc.reps = reps_arg;
+    psa_key_attributes_t attributes = PSA_KEY_ATTRIBUTES_INIT;
+
+    PSA_ASSERT(psa_crypto_init());
+
+    psa_set_key_usage_flags(&attributes, usage_arg);
+    psa_set_key_algorithm(&attributes, alg_arg);
+    psa_set_key_type(&attributes, type_arg);
+    psa_set_key_bits(&attributes, bits_arg);
+    gkc.attributes = &attributes;
+
+    TEST_CALLOC(threads, sizeof(mbedtls_test_thread_t) * thread_count);
+
+    /* Split threads to generate key then destroy key. */
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < thread_count; i++) {
+        TEST_EQUAL(
+            mbedtls_test_thread_create(&threads[i], thread_generate_key,
+                                       (void *) &gkc), 0);
+    }
+
+    /* Join threads. */
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < thread_count; i++) {
+        TEST_EQUAL(mbedtls_test_thread_join(&threads[i]), 0);
+    }
+
+exit:
+    mbedtls_free(threads);
+    PSA_DONE();
+}
+/* END_CASE */
+#endif
+
 /* BEGIN_CASE */
 void generate_key(int type_arg,
                   int bits_arg,