diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 29fb341..ab2df97 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -3,14 +3,24 @@
 = mbed TLS x.x.x branch released xxxx-xx-xx
 
 Bugfix
-   * Change the shebang line in Perl scripts to look up perl in the PATH.
-     Contributed by fbrosson in #1533.
+   * Fix compilation error on C++, because of a variable named new.
+     Found and fixed by Hirotaka Niisato in #1783.
+   * Fix the inline assembly for the MPI multiply helper function for i386 and
+     i386 with SSE2. Found by László Langó. Fixes #1550
    * Fix a memory leak in mbedtls_x509_csr_parse(), found by catenacyber,
      Philippe Antoine. Fixes #1623.
    * Clarify documentation for mbedtls_ssl_write() to include 0 as a valid
      return value. Found by @davidwu2000. #839
    * Fix the key_app_writer example which was writing a leading zero byte which
      was creating an invalid ASN.1 tag. Found by Aryeh R. Fixes #1257.
+   * Remove unused headers included in x509.c. Found by Chris Hanson and fixed
+     by Brendan Shanks. Part of a fix for #992.
+   * Fix compilation error when MBEDTLS_ARC4_C is disabled and
+     MBEDTLS_CIPHER_NULL_CIPHER is enabled. Found by TrinityTonic in #1719.
+
+Changes
+   * Change the shebang line in Perl scripts to look up perl in the PATH.
+     Contributed by fbrosson in #1533.
 
 Changes
    * Adds of lengths checks in different functions (not a security issue as
diff --git a/include/mbedtls/bn_mul.h b/include/mbedtls/bn_mul.h
index f4b2b56..438aa8c 100644
--- a/include/mbedtls/bn_mul.h
+++ b/include/mbedtls/bn_mul.h
@@ -49,7 +49,14 @@
 /* armcc5 --gnu defines __GNUC__ but doesn't support GNU's extended asm */
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && \
     ( !defined(__ARMCC_VERSION) || __ARMCC_VERSION >= 6000000 )
-#if defined(__i386__)
+
+/*
+ * Disable use of the i386 assembly code below if option -O0, to disable all
+ * compiler optimisations, is passed, detected with __OPTIMIZE__
+ * This is done as the number of registers used in the assembly code doesn't
+ * work with the -O0 option.
+ */
+#if defined(__i386__) && !defined(__OPTIMIZE__)
 
 #define MULADDC_INIT                        \
     asm(                                    \
@@ -142,7 +149,7 @@
         "movl   %%esi, %3       \n\t"   \
         : "=m" (t), "=m" (c), "=m" (d), "=m" (s)        \
         : "m" (t), "m" (s), "m" (d), "m" (c), "m" (b)   \
-        : "eax", "ecx", "edx", "esi", "edi"             \
+        : "eax", "ebx", "ecx", "edx", "esi", "edi"      \
     );
 
 #else
@@ -154,7 +161,7 @@
         "movl   %%esi, %3       \n\t"   \
         : "=m" (t), "=m" (c), "=m" (d), "=m" (s)        \
         : "m" (t), "m" (s), "m" (d), "m" (c), "m" (b)   \
-        : "eax", "ecx", "edx", "esi", "edi"             \
+        : "eax", "ebx", "ecx", "edx", "esi", "edi"      \
     );
 #endif /* SSE2 */
 #endif /* i386 */
diff --git a/include/mbedtls/cipher.h b/include/mbedtls/cipher.h
index d1f4efe..1c453a1 100644
--- a/include/mbedtls/cipher.h
+++ b/include/mbedtls/cipher.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 #define MBEDTLS_CIPHER_MODE_WITH_PADDING
 #endif
 
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_ARC4_C)
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_ARC4_C) || defined(MBEDTLS_CIPHER_NULL_CIPHER)
 #define MBEDTLS_CIPHER_MODE_STREAM
 #endif
 
diff --git a/library/cipher.c b/library/cipher.c
index 7369f48..0d84ccf 100644
--- a/library/cipher.c
+++ b/library/cipher.c
@@ -56,10 +56,6 @@
 #define mbedtls_free   free
 #endif
 
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_ARC4_C) || defined(MBEDTLS_CIPHER_NULL_CIPHER)
-#define MBEDTLS_CIPHER_MODE_STREAM
-#endif
-
 /* Implementation that should never be optimized out by the compiler */
 static void mbedtls_zeroize( void *v, size_t n ) {
     volatile unsigned char *p = (unsigned char*)v; while( n-- ) *p++ = 0;
diff --git a/library/ssl_tls.c b/library/ssl_tls.c
index 2e161e2..4b67d01 100644
--- a/library/ssl_tls.c
+++ b/library/ssl_tls.c
@@ -6026,27 +6026,27 @@
                                 mbedtls_x509_crt *cert,
                                 mbedtls_pk_context *key )
 {
-    mbedtls_ssl_key_cert *new;
+    mbedtls_ssl_key_cert *new_cert;
 
-    new = mbedtls_calloc( 1, sizeof( mbedtls_ssl_key_cert ) );
-    if( new == NULL )
+    new_cert = mbedtls_calloc( 1, sizeof( mbedtls_ssl_key_cert ) );
+    if( new_cert == NULL )
         return( MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_ALLOC_FAILED );
 
-    new->cert = cert;
-    new->key  = key;
-    new->next = NULL;
+    new_cert->cert = cert;
+    new_cert->key  = key;
+    new_cert->next = NULL;
 
     /* Update head is the list was null, else add to the end */
     if( *head == NULL )
     {
-        *head = new;
+        *head = new_cert;
     }
     else
     {
         mbedtls_ssl_key_cert *cur = *head;
         while( cur->next != NULL )
             cur = cur->next;
-        cur->next = new;
+        cur->next = new_cert;
     }
 
     return( 0 );
diff --git a/library/x509.c b/library/x509.c
index 371d6da..264c7fb 100644
--- a/library/x509.c
+++ b/library/x509.c
@@ -70,15 +70,6 @@
 #include <time.h>
 #endif
 
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
-#include <stdio.h>
-#if !defined(_WIN32)
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
-#endif
-#endif
-
 #define CHECK(code) if( ( ret = code ) != 0 ){ return( ret ); }
 #define CHECK_RANGE(min, max, val) if( val < min || val > max ){ return( ret ); }
 
diff --git a/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c b/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
index 4acf38d..c727f93 100644
--- a/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
+++ b/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #include "mbedtls/aes.h"
 #include "mbedtls/md.h"
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 1;
+    int ret = 0;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
 
     unsigned int i, n;
     int mode, lastn;
@@ -429,7 +433,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    ret = 0;
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 exit:
     if( fin )
@@ -452,6 +456,6 @@
     mbedtls_aes_free( &aes_ctx );
     mbedtls_md_free( &sha_ctx );
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c b/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
index 0e272eb..99d30c9 100644
--- a/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
+++ b/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
@@ -30,9 +30,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_CIPHER_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_MD_C) && \
  defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
@@ -74,6 +77,7 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     int ret = 1, i, n;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     int mode;
     size_t keylen, ilen, olen;
     FILE *fkey, *fin = NULL, *fout = NULL;
@@ -526,7 +530,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    ret = 0;
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 exit:
     if( fin )
@@ -549,6 +553,6 @@
     mbedtls_cipher_free( &cipher_ctx );
     mbedtls_md_free( &md_ctx );
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_CIPHER_C && MBEDTLS_MD_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/hash/generic_sum.c b/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
index d1e81d4..bbe8d92 100644
--- a/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
+++ b/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_MD_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
 #include "mbedtls/md.h"
@@ -169,7 +172,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret, i;
+    int ret = 1, i;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     const mbedtls_md_info_t *md_info;
     mbedtls_md_context_t md_ctx;
 
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@
         fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     /*
@@ -206,12 +210,12 @@
     if( md_info == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "Message Digest '%s' not found\n", argv[1] );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
     if( mbedtls_md_setup( &md_ctx, md_info, 0 ) )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "Failed to initialize context.\n" );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     ret = 0;
@@ -224,9 +228,12 @@
     for( i = 2; i < argc; i++ )
         ret |= generic_print( md_info, argv[i] );
 
+    if ( ret == 0 )
+        exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_md_free( &md_ctx );
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_MD_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_client.c b/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
index 0978408..3dadf48 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_AES_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_DHM_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_NET_C) && \
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@
 {
     FILE *f;
 
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t n, buflen;
     mbedtls_net_context server_fd;
 
@@ -115,7 +119,6 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( "rsa_pub.txt", "rb" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not open rsa_pub.txt\n" \
                 "  ! Please run rsa_genkey first\n\n" );
         goto exit;
@@ -191,7 +194,6 @@
 
     if( dhm.len < 64 || dhm.len > 512 )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Invalid DHM modulus size\n\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -207,7 +209,6 @@
 
     if( ( n = (size_t) ( end - p ) ) != rsa.len )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Invalid RSA signature size\n\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -286,6 +287,8 @@
     buf[16] = '\0';
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Plaintext is \"%s\"\n\n", (char *) buf );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
     mbedtls_net_free( &server_fd );
@@ -301,7 +304,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_DHM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c b/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
index 84a94a1..dbe9153 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
@@ -30,9 +30,11 @@
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#endif
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) ||   \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) || !defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C) ||     \
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@
 int main( int argc, char **argv )
 {
     int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_mpi G, P, Q;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@
     {
     usage:
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     for( i = 1; i < argc; i++ )
@@ -164,7 +167,6 @@
 
     if( ( fout = fopen( "dh_prime.txt", "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not create dh_prime.txt\n\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -180,6 +182,8 @@
     mbedtls_printf( " ok\n\n" );
     fclose( fout );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
     mbedtls_mpi_free( &G ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &P ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &Q );
@@ -191,7 +195,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_GENPRIME */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_server.c b/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
index 4304231..c4e2c39 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_AES_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_DHM_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_NET_C) && \
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@
 {
     FILE *f;
 
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t n, buflen;
     mbedtls_net_context listen_fd, client_fd;
 
@@ -121,7 +125,6 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( "rsa_priv.txt", "rb" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not open rsa_priv.txt\n" \
                 "  ! Please run rsa_genkey first\n\n" );
         goto exit;
@@ -164,7 +167,6 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( "dh_prime.txt", "rb" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not open dh_prime.txt\n" \
                 "  ! Please run dh_genprime first\n\n" );
         goto exit;
@@ -304,6 +306,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
     mbedtls_mpi_free( &N ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &P ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &Q );
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_DHM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c b/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
index e7ead9a..5db0408 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_ECDH_C) || \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_CURVE25519_ENABLED) || \
@@ -51,7 +54,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_ecdh_context ctx_cli, ctx_srv;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
@@ -218,6 +222,7 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 exit:
 
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( ret != 0 );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ECDH_C && MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_CURVE25519_ENABLED &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c b/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
index b474060..c653df9 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
@@ -98,7 +101,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_ecdsa_context ctx_sign, ctx_verify;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
@@ -115,7 +119,6 @@
 
     memset( sig, 0, sizeof( sig ) );
     memset( message, 0x25, sizeof( message ) );
-    ret = 1;
 
     if( argc != 1 )
     {
@@ -213,8 +216,6 @@
         goto exit;
     }
 
-    ret = 0;
-
     /*
      * Verify signature
      */
@@ -231,6 +232,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
@@ -243,7 +246,7 @@
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
           ECPARAMS */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/gen_key.c b/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
index a7f5c90..f01bf5f 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C)
@@ -186,7 +189,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_pk_context key;
     char buf[1024];
     int i;
@@ -214,7 +218,6 @@
     if( argc == 0 )
     {
     usage:
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ECP_C)
         mbedtls_printf( " available ec_curve values:\n" );
@@ -222,7 +225,7 @@
         mbedtls_printf( "    %s (default)\n", curve_info->name );
         while( ( ++curve_info )->name != NULL )
             mbedtls_printf( "    %s\n", curve_info->name );
-#endif
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_ECP_C */
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -411,9 +414,11 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
-    if( ret != 0 && ret != 1)
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
 #ifdef MBEDTLS_ERROR_C
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof( buf ) );
@@ -436,7 +441,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
         * MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/key_app.c b/programs/pkey/key_app.c
index f1b548d..7a4cb39 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/key_app.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/key_app.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
@@ -83,7 +86,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     char buf[1024];
     int i;
     char *p, *q;
@@ -283,10 +287,12 @@
     else
         goto usage;
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C)
-    if( ret != 0 )
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof(buf) );
         mbedtls_printf( "  !  Last error was: %s\n", buf );
@@ -303,6 +309,6 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c b/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
index 5f7d2dd..13602c2 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
 #include "mbedtls/error.h"
@@ -189,7 +192,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     char buf[1024];
     int i;
     char *p, *q;
@@ -210,7 +214,6 @@
     if( argc == 0 )
     {
     usage:
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -403,9 +406,11 @@
         write_private_key( &key, opt.output_file );
     }
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
-    if( ret != 0 && ret != 1)
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
 #ifdef MBEDTLS_ERROR_C
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof( buf ) );
@@ -426,6 +431,6 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c b/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
index afe8957..365bdc4 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
 #include "mbedtls/bignum.h"
@@ -47,7 +50,8 @@
 #else
 int main( void )
 {
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_mpi E, P, Q, N, H, D, X, Y, Z;
 
     mbedtls_mpi_init( &E ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &P ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &Q ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &N );
@@ -88,15 +92,16 @@
     MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_write_file( "  Z (decrypted)  = Y^D mod N = ", &Z, 10, NULL ) );
     mbedtls_printf( "\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 cleanup:
     mbedtls_mpi_free( &E ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &P ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &Q ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &N );
     mbedtls_mpi_free( &H ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &D ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &X ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &Y );
     mbedtls_mpi_free( &Z );
 
-    if( ret != 0 )
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "\nAn error occurred.\n" );
-        ret = 1;
     }
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
@@ -104,6 +109,6 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c b/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
index 32fbc75..00bd71e 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) && defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && \
@@ -59,7 +62,8 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     FILE *f;
-    int ret, c;
+    int ret = 1, c;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t i, olen = 0;
     mbedtls_pk_context pk;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
@@ -71,7 +75,6 @@
 
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init( &ctr_drbg );
     memset(result, 0, sizeof( result ) );
-    ret = 1;
 
     if( argc != 2 )
     {
@@ -110,8 +113,6 @@
     /*
      * Extract the RSA encrypted value from the text file
      */
-    ret = 1;
-
     if( ( f = fopen( "result-enc.txt", "rb" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "\n  ! Could not open %s\n\n", "result-enc.txt" );
@@ -143,14 +144,14 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "The decrypted result is: '%s'\n\n", result );
 
-    ret = 0;
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 exit:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C)
-    if( ret != 0 )
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, (char *) buf, sizeof(buf) );
         mbedtls_printf( "  !  Last error was: %s\n", buf );
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c b/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
index 7ca9d5a..400619c 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) && \
@@ -59,7 +62,8 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     FILE *f;
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t i, olen = 0;
     mbedtls_pk_context pk;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
@@ -68,7 +72,6 @@
     unsigned char buf[512];
     const char *pers = "mbedtls_pk_encrypt";
 
-    ret = 1;
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init( &ctr_drbg );
 
     if( argc != 3 )
@@ -132,7 +135,6 @@
      */
     if( ( f = fopen( "result-enc.txt", "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not create %s\n\n", "result-enc.txt" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -145,12 +147,14 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Done (created \"%s\")\n\n", "result-enc.txt" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C)
-    if( ret != 0 )
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, (char *) buf, sizeof(buf) );
         mbedtls_printf( "  !  Last error was: %s\n", buf );
@@ -162,7 +166,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c b/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
index 55df95e..7ec4675 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
@@ -30,9 +30,11 @@
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA256_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_MD_C) || \
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@
 {
     FILE *f;
     int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_pk_context pk;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
@@ -134,14 +137,12 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( filename, "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not create %s\n\n", filename );
         goto exit;
     }
 
     if( fwrite( buf, 1, olen, f ) != olen )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( "failed\n  ! fwrite failed\n\n" );
         fclose( f );
         goto exit;
@@ -151,13 +152,15 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Done (created \"%s\")\n\n", filename );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_pk_free( &pk );
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C)
-    if( ret != 0 )
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, (char *) buf, sizeof(buf) );
         mbedtls_printf( "  !  Last error was: %s\n", buf );
@@ -169,7 +172,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c b/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
index d35d17f..3c7709f 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_MD_C) || \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA256_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C) ||   \
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@
 {
     FILE *f;
     int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t i;
     mbedtls_pk_context pk;
     unsigned char hash[32];
@@ -87,7 +91,6 @@
     /*
      * Extract the signature from the file
      */
-    ret = 1;
     mbedtls_snprintf( filename, sizeof(filename), "%s.sig", argv[2] );
 
     if( ( f = fopen( filename, "rb" ) ) == NULL )
@@ -125,13 +128,13 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . OK (the signature is valid)\n\n" );
 
-    ret = 0;
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 exit:
     mbedtls_pk_free( &pk );
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C)
-    if( ret != 0 )
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, (char *) buf, sizeof(buf) );
         mbedtls_printf( "  !  Last error was: %s\n", buf );
@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
index 2da3fbf..0a252d2 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#define mbedtls_exit       exit
+#define mbedtls_printf       printf
+#define mbedtls_exit         exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_FAILURE
-#endif
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) && defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && \
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     FILE *f;
-    int return_val, exit_val, c;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
+    int c;
     size_t i;
     mbedtls_rsa_context rsa;
     mbedtls_mpi N, P, Q, D, E, DP, DQ, QP;
@@ -73,7 +75,6 @@
     ((void) argv);
 
     memset(result, 0, sizeof( result ) );
-    exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
     if( argc != 1 )
     {
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@
         mbedtls_printf( "\n" );
 #endif
 
-        mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Seeding the random number generator..." );
@@ -96,14 +97,13 @@
     mbedtls_mpi_init( &D ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &E ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &DP );
     mbedtls_mpi_init( &DQ ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &QP );
 
-    return_val = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed( &ctr_drbg, mbedtls_entropy_func,
+    ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed( &ctr_drbg, mbedtls_entropy_func,
                                         &entropy, (const unsigned char *) pers,
                                         strlen( pers ) );
-    if( return_val != 0 )
+    if( ret != 0 )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed returned %d\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -112,40 +112,38 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( "rsa_priv.txt", "rb" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not open rsa_priv.txt\n" \
                 "  ! Please run rsa_genkey first\n\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
 
-    if( ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &N , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
-        ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &E , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
-        ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &D , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
-        ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &P , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
-        ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &Q , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
-        ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &DP , 16, f ) ) != 0 ||
-        ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &DQ , 16, f ) ) != 0 ||
-        ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &QP , 16, f ) ) != 0 )
+    if( ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &N , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
+        ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &E , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
+        ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &D , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
+        ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &P , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
+        ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &Q , 16, f ) )  != 0 ||
+        ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &DP , 16, f ) ) != 0 ||
+        ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &DQ , 16, f ) ) != 0 ||
+        ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &QP , 16, f ) ) != 0 )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_mpi_read_file returned %d\n\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         fclose( f );
         goto exit;
     }
     fclose( f );
 
-    if( ( return_val = mbedtls_rsa_import( &rsa, &N, &P, &Q, &D, &E ) ) != 0 )
+    if( ( ret = mbedtls_rsa_import( &rsa, &N, &P, &Q, &D, &E ) ) != 0 )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_rsa_import returned %d\n\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         goto exit;
     }
 
-    if( ( return_val = mbedtls_rsa_complete( &rsa ) ) != 0 )
+    if( ( ret = mbedtls_rsa_complete( &rsa ) ) != 0 )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_rsa_complete returned %d\n\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -154,7 +152,6 @@
      */
     if( ( f = fopen( "result-enc.txt", "rb" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( "\n  ! Could not open %s\n\n", "result-enc.txt" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -169,7 +166,6 @@
 
     if( i != rsa.len )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( "\n  ! Invalid RSA signature format\n\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -180,14 +176,13 @@
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Decrypting the encrypted data" );
     fflush( stdout );
 
-    return_val = mbedtls_rsa_pkcs1_decrypt( &rsa, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random,
+    ret = mbedtls_rsa_pkcs1_decrypt( &rsa, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random,
                                             &ctr_drbg, MBEDTLS_RSA_PRIVATE, &i,
                                             buf, result, 1024 );
-    if( return_val != 0 )
+    if( ret != 0 )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_rsa_pkcs1_decrypt returned %d\n\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -195,6 +190,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "The decrypted result is: '%s'\n\n", result );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
@@ -208,6 +205,6 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_val );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
index 81c27d8..411657a 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#define mbedtls_exit       exit
-#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS EXIT_SUCCESS
-#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_FAILURE
-#endif
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) && \
@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     FILE *f;
-    int return_val, exit_val;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t i;
     mbedtls_rsa_context rsa;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
@@ -71,8 +72,6 @@
     const char *pers = "rsa_encrypt";
     mbedtls_mpi N, E;
 
-    exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
-
     if( argc != 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "usage: rsa_encrypt <string of max 100 characters>\n" );
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@
         mbedtls_printf( "\n" );
 #endif
 
-        mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Seeding the random number generator..." );
@@ -92,14 +91,13 @@
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
 
-    return_val = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed( &ctr_drbg, mbedtls_entropy_func,
-                                        &entropy, (const unsigned char *) pers,
-                                        strlen( pers ) );
-    if( return_val != 0 )
+    ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed( &ctr_drbg, mbedtls_entropy_func,
+                                 &entropy, (const unsigned char *) pers,
+                                 strlen( pers ) );
+    if( ret != 0 )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed returned %d\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -108,35 +106,30 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( "rsa_pub.txt", "rb" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not open rsa_pub.txt\n" \
                 "  ! Please run rsa_genkey first\n\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
 
-    if( ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &N, 16, f ) ) != 0 ||
-        ( return_val = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &E, 16, f ) ) != 0 )
+    if( ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &N, 16, f ) ) != 0 ||
+        ( ret = mbedtls_mpi_read_file( &E, 16, f ) ) != 0 )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_mpi_read_file returned %d\n\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         fclose( f );
         goto exit;
     }
     fclose( f );
 
-    if( ( return_val = mbedtls_rsa_import( &rsa, &N, NULL,
-                                           NULL, NULL, &E ) ) != 0 )
+    if( ( ret = mbedtls_rsa_import( &rsa, &N, NULL, NULL, NULL, &E ) ) != 0 )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_rsa_import returned %d\n\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         goto exit;
     }
 
     if( strlen( argv[1] ) > 100 )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " Input data larger than 100 characters.\n\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -149,14 +142,13 @@
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Generating the RSA encrypted value" );
     fflush( stdout );
 
-    return_val = mbedtls_rsa_pkcs1_encrypt( &rsa, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random,
-                                            &ctr_drbg, MBEDTLS_RSA_PUBLIC,
-                                            strlen( argv[1] ), input, buf );
-    if( return_val != 0 )
+    ret = mbedtls_rsa_pkcs1_encrypt( &rsa, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random,
+                                     &ctr_drbg, MBEDTLS_RSA_PUBLIC,
+                                     strlen( argv[1] ), input, buf );
+    if( ret != 0 )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! mbedtls_rsa_pkcs1_encrypt returned %d\n\n",
-                        return_val );
+                        ret );
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -165,7 +157,6 @@
      */
     if( ( f = fopen( "result-enc.txt", "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        exit_val = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not create %s\n\n", "result-enc.txt" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -178,6 +169,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Done (created \"%s\")\n\n", "result-enc.txt" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_mpi_free( &N ); mbedtls_mpi_free( &E );
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
@@ -189,7 +182,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_val );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
index 9399217..3359e14 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_GENPRIME) && \
@@ -61,7 +64,8 @@
 #else
 int main( void )
 {
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_rsa_context rsa;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
@@ -105,14 +109,12 @@
         ( ret = mbedtls_rsa_export_crt( &rsa, &DP, &DQ, &QP ) )      != 0 )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! could not export RSA parameters\n\n" );
-        ret = 1;
         goto exit;
     }
 
     if( ( fpub = fopen( "rsa_pub.txt", "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! could not open rsa_pub.txt for writing\n\n" );
-        ret = 1;
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +131,6 @@
     if( ( fpriv = fopen( "rsa_priv.txt", "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! could not open rsa_priv.txt for writing\n" );
-        ret = 1;
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -160,6 +161,8 @@
 */
     mbedtls_printf( " ok\n\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
     if( fpub  != NULL )
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
           MBEDTLS_GENPRIME && MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
index 89018cb..b16fe5d 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
@@ -29,10 +29,13 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA256_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_MD_C) || \
@@ -55,7 +58,8 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     FILE *f;
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t i;
     mbedtls_rsa_context rsa;
     unsigned char hash[32];
@@ -69,8 +73,6 @@
     mbedtls_mpi_init( &D ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &E ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &DP );
     mbedtls_mpi_init( &DQ ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &QP );
 
-    ret = 1;
-
     if( argc != 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "usage: rsa_sign <filename>\n" );
@@ -87,7 +89,6 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( "rsa_priv.txt", "rb" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not open rsa_priv.txt\n" \
                 "  ! Please run rsa_genkey first\n\n" );
         goto exit;
@@ -159,7 +160,6 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( filename, "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not create %s\n\n", argv[1] );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -172,6 +172,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Done (created \"%s\")\n\n", filename );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
     mbedtls_rsa_free( &rsa );
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
index 7b6f14d..b0b0f7e 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_MD_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA256_C) ||        \
@@ -61,6 +64,7 @@
 {
     FILE *f;
     int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_pk_context pk;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
@@ -101,7 +105,6 @@
 
     if( ( ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile( &pk, argv[1], "" ) ) != 0 )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not read key from '%s'\n", argv[1] );
         mbedtls_printf( "  ! mbedtls_pk_parse_public_keyfile returned %d\n\n", ret );
         goto exit;
@@ -109,7 +112,6 @@
 
     if( !mbedtls_pk_can_do( &pk, MBEDTLS_PK_RSA ) )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Key is not an RSA key\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -145,7 +147,6 @@
 
     if( ( f = fopen( filename, "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Could not create %s\n\n", filename );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -161,6 +162,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . Done (created \"%s\")\n\n", filename );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_pk_free( &pk );
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
index 1f827aa..6f88345 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA256_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_MD_C) || \
@@ -54,7 +57,8 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     FILE *f;
-    int ret, c;
+    int ret = 1, c;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t i;
     mbedtls_rsa_context rsa;
     unsigned char hash[32];
@@ -62,7 +66,6 @@
     char filename[512];
 
     mbedtls_rsa_init( &rsa, MBEDTLS_RSA_PKCS_V15, 0 );
-    ret = 1;
 
     if( argc != 2 )
     {
@@ -100,7 +103,6 @@
     /*
      * Extract the RSA signature from the text file
      */
-    ret = 1;
     mbedtls_snprintf( filename, sizeof(filename), "%s.sig", argv[1] );
 
     if( ( f = fopen( filename, "rb" ) ) == NULL )
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . OK (the signature is valid)\n\n" );
 
-    ret = 0;
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 exit:
 
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
index 31b720f..7c9c68f 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_MD_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA256_C) ||        \
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@
 {
     FILE *f;
     int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     size_t i;
     mbedtls_pk_context pk;
     unsigned char hash[32];
@@ -91,7 +95,6 @@
 
     if( !mbedtls_pk_can_do( &pk, MBEDTLS_PK_RSA ) )
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  ! Key is not an RSA key\n" );
         goto exit;
     }
@@ -101,7 +104,6 @@
     /*
      * Extract the RSA signature from the file
      */
-    ret = 1;
     mbedtls_snprintf( filename, 512, "%s.sig", argv[2] );
 
     if( ( f = fopen( filename, "rb" ) ) == NULL )
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  . OK (the signature is valid)\n\n" );
 
-    ret = 0;
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 exit:
     mbedtls_pk_free( &pk );
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_entropy.c b/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
index 792d381..a1eb386 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
 #include "mbedtls/entropy.h"
@@ -49,20 +52,21 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     FILE *f;
-    int i, k, ret;
+    int i, k, ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
     unsigned char buf[MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_BLOCK_SIZE];
 
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
@@ -72,7 +76,8 @@
         ret = mbedtls_entropy_func( &entropy, buf, sizeof( buf ) );
         if( ret != 0 )
         {
-            mbedtls_printf("failed!\n");
+            mbedtls_printf( "  failed\n  !  mbedtls_entropy_func returned -%04X\n",
+                            ret );
             goto cleanup;
         }
 
@@ -83,7 +88,7 @@
         fflush( stdout );
     }
 
-    ret = 0;
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 cleanup:
     mbedtls_printf( "\n" );
@@ -91,6 +96,6 @@
     fclose( f );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c b/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
index c76f99d..5ade946 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && \
  defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
@@ -52,7 +55,8 @@
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
     FILE *f;
-    int i, k, ret;
+    int i, k, ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
     unsigned char buf[1024];
@@ -62,13 +66,13 @@
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
@@ -116,7 +120,7 @@
         fflush( stdout );
     }
 
-    ret = 0;
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
 cleanup:
     mbedtls_printf("\n");
@@ -125,6 +129,6 @@
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c b/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
index 6c31462..3fb3f01 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_HAVEGE_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
 #include "mbedtls/havege.h"
@@ -51,20 +54,21 @@
 {
     FILE *f;
     time_t t;
-    int i, k, ret = 0;
+    int i, k, ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_havege_state hs;
     unsigned char buf[1024];
 
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( 1 );
+        return( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_havege_init( &hs );
@@ -73,11 +77,10 @@
 
     for( i = 0, k = 768; i < k; i++ )
     {
-        if( mbedtls_havege_random( &hs, buf, sizeof( buf ) ) != 0 )
+        if( ( ret = mbedtls_havege_random( &hs, buf, sizeof( buf ) ) ) != 0 )
         {
-            mbedtls_printf( "Failed to get random from source.\n" );
-
-            ret = 1;
+            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_havege_random returned -0x%04X",
+                            -ret );
             goto exit;
         }
 
@@ -93,9 +96,11 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf(" \n ");
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_havege_free( &hs );
     fclose( f );
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_HAVEGE_C */
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
index 01cee13..bf7c013 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#define mbedtls_time       time
-#define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#define mbedtls_time            time
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C) || \
@@ -80,7 +82,8 @@
 
 int main( void )
 {
-    int ret, len;
+    int ret = 1, len;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_net_context server_fd;
     uint32_t flags;
     unsigned char buf[1024];
@@ -281,10 +284,12 @@
 
     mbedtls_ssl_close_notify( &ssl );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
 #ifdef MBEDTLS_ERROR_C
-    if( ret != 0 )
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
         char error_buf[100];
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, error_buf, 100 );
@@ -305,7 +310,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
index 7624896..1c3a806 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
@@ -29,10 +29,13 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_CERTS_C) ||    \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C) || \
@@ -95,7 +98,8 @@
 
 int main( void )
 {
-    int ret, len, cnt = 0, pid;
+    int ret = 1, len, cnt = 0, pid;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_net_context listen_fd, client_fd;
     unsigned char buf[1024];
     const char *pers = "ssl_fork_server";
@@ -392,6 +396,8 @@
         goto exit;
     }
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_net_free( &client_fd );
     mbedtls_net_free( &listen_fd );
@@ -408,7 +414,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_CERTS_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
index 04b847a..04f8910 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#define mbedtls_time       time
-#define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#define mbedtls_time            time
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C) || \
@@ -346,7 +348,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0, len;
+    int ret = 1, len;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_net_context server_fd;
     unsigned char buf[1024];
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BASE64_C)
@@ -499,8 +502,8 @@
                               mbedtls_test_cas_pem_len );
 #else
     {
-        ret = 1;
         mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_CERTS_C and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.");
+        goto exit;
     }
 #endif
     if( ret < 0 )
@@ -529,8 +532,8 @@
                               mbedtls_test_cli_crt_len );
 #else
     {
-        ret = -1;
         mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_CERTS_C not defined.");
+        goto exit;
     }
 #endif
     if( ret != 0 )
@@ -549,8 +552,8 @@
                 mbedtls_test_cli_key_len, NULL, 0 );
 #else
     {
-        ret = -1;
         mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_CERTS_C or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.");
+        goto exit;
     }
 #endif
     if( ret != 0 )
@@ -819,6 +822,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_ssl_close_notify( &ssl );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
     mbedtls_net_free( &server_fd );
@@ -835,7 +840,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C **
diff --git a/programs/test/ssl_cert_test.c b/programs/test/ssl_cert_test.c
index 9cfcd2d..fd3526f 100644
--- a/programs/test/ssl_cert_test.c
+++ b/programs/test/ssl_cert_test.c
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C) && \
     defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) && defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRL_PARSE_C)
@@ -80,7 +83,8 @@
 
 int main( void )
 {
-    int ret, i;
+    int ret = 1, i;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_x509_crt cacert;
     mbedtls_x509_crl crl;
     char buf[10240];
@@ -210,7 +214,6 @@
         if( ! mbedtls_pk_can_do( &clicert.pk, MBEDTLS_PK_RSA ) )
         {
             mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  certificate's key is not RSA\n\n" );
-            ret = MBEDTLS_ERR_X509_FEATURE_UNAVAILABLE;
             goto exit;
         }
 
@@ -241,6 +244,8 @@
         mbedtls_pk_free( &pk );
     }
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_x509_crt_free( &cacert );
     mbedtls_x509_crl_free( &crl );
@@ -250,7 +255,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_X509_CRL_PARSE_C */
diff --git a/programs/test/udp_proxy.c b/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
index 20624d2..1865b0f 100644
--- a/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
+++ b/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
@@ -37,10 +37,12 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <time.h>
-#define mbedtls_time       time
-#define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#define mbedtls_time            time
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_NET_C)
 int main( void )
@@ -468,7 +470,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
 
     mbedtls_net_context listen_fd, client_fd, server_fd;
 
@@ -591,10 +594,12 @@
         }
     }
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
 #ifdef MBEDTLS_ERROR_C
-    if( ret != 0 )
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
         char error_buf[100];
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, error_buf, 100 );
@@ -612,7 +617,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret != 0 );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_NET_C */
diff --git a/programs/util/pem2der.c b/programs/util/pem2der.c
index ad2c6ac..73a9fb5 100644
--- a/programs/util/pem2der.c
+++ b/programs/util/pem2der.c
@@ -29,10 +29,13 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_free       free
-#define mbedtls_calloc    calloc
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_free            free
+#define mbedtls_calloc          calloc
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BASE64_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
 #include "mbedtls/error.h"
@@ -178,7 +181,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     unsigned char *pem_buffer = NULL;
     unsigned char der_buffer[4096];
     char buf[1024];
@@ -273,6 +277,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     free( pem_buffer );
 
@@ -281,6 +287,6 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BASE64_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_app.c b/programs/x509/cert_app.c
index c893ca8..c57ecca 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_app.c
@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#define mbedtls_time       time
-#define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#define mbedtls_time            time
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C) || \
@@ -145,7 +147,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_net_context server_fd;
     unsigned char buf[1024];
     mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
@@ -180,7 +183,6 @@
     {
     usage:
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-        ret = 2;
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -252,19 +254,23 @@
 
     if( strlen( opt.ca_path ) )
     {
-        ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_path( &cacert, opt.ca_path );
+        if( ( ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_path( &cacert, opt.ca_path ) ) < 0 )
+        {
+            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_path returned -0x%x\n\n", -ret );
+            goto exit;
+        }
+
         verify = 1;
     }
     else if( strlen( opt.ca_file ) )
     {
-        ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file( &cacert, opt.ca_file );
-        verify = 1;
-    }
+        if( ( ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file( &cacert, opt.ca_file ) ) < 0 )
+        {
+            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file returned -0x%x\n\n", -ret );
+            goto exit;
+        }
 
-    if( ret < 0 )
-    {
-        mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_x509_crt_parse returned -0x%x\n\n", -ret );
-        goto exit;
+        verify = 1;
     }
 
     mbedtls_printf( " ok (%d skipped)\n", ret );
@@ -332,8 +338,6 @@
             cur = cur->next;
         }
 
-        ret = 0;
-
         /*
          * 1.3 Verify the certificate
          */
@@ -470,6 +474,8 @@
     else
         goto usage;
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
     mbedtls_net_free( &server_fd );
@@ -485,10 +491,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    if( ret < 0 )
-        ret = 1;
-
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_req.c b/programs/x509/cert_req.c
index 30df216..a32ac50 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_req.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_req.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_WRITE_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SHA256_C) || \
@@ -133,7 +136,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_pk_context key;
     char buf[1024];
     int i;
@@ -156,7 +160,6 @@
     {
     usage:
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-        ret = 1;
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -317,9 +320,11 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
 
-    if( ret != 0 && ret != 1)
+    if( exit_code != MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS )
     {
 #ifdef MBEDTLS_ERROR_C
         mbedtls_strerror( ret, buf, sizeof( buf ) );
@@ -339,7 +344,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C */
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_write.c b/programs/x509/cert_write.c
index 9cc582d..26ab88a 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_write.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_write.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_WRITE_C) || \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) || \
@@ -211,7 +214,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     mbedtls_x509_crt issuer_crt;
     mbedtls_pk_context loaded_issuer_key, loaded_subject_key;
     mbedtls_pk_context *issuer_key = &loaded_issuer_key,
@@ -248,7 +252,6 @@
     {
     usage:
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-        ret = 1;
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -615,7 +618,6 @@
         {
             mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  issuer_key does not match "
                             "issuer certificate\n\n" );
-            ret = -1;
             goto exit;
         }
     }
@@ -788,6 +790,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( " ok\n" );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_x509write_crt_free( &crt );
     mbedtls_pk_free( &loaded_subject_key );
@@ -801,7 +805,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
diff --git a/programs/x509/crl_app.c b/programs/x509/crl_app.c
index 210d19e..f831683 100644
--- a/programs/x509/crl_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/crl_app.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRL_PARSE_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
@@ -67,7 +70,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     unsigned char buf[100000];
     mbedtls_x509_crl crl;
     int i;
@@ -131,6 +135,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "%s\n", buf );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_x509_crl_free( &crl );
 
@@ -139,7 +145,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CRL_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/x509/req_app.c b/programs/x509/req_app.c
index 8410a53..0f20c85 100644
--- a/programs/x509/req_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/req_app.c
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf     printf
-#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) ||  \
     !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
@@ -67,7 +70,8 @@
 
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 {
-    int ret = 0;
+    int ret = 1;
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
     unsigned char buf[100000];
     mbedtls_x509_csr csr;
     int i;
@@ -131,6 +135,8 @@
 
     mbedtls_printf( "%s\n", buf );
 
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
 exit:
     mbedtls_x509_csr_free( &csr );
 
@@ -139,7 +145,7 @@
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    return( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/tests/ssl-opt.sh b/tests/ssl-opt.sh
index 2f8ea4f..8fde32f 100755
--- a/tests/ssl-opt.sh
+++ b/tests/ssl-opt.sh
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@
         done
     }
 else
-    echo "Warning: lsof not available, wait_server_start = sleep $START_DELAY"
+    echo "Warning: lsof not available, wait_server_start = sleep"
     wait_server_start() {
         sleep "$START_DELAY"
     }