diff --git a/ChangeLog.d/base64-ranges.txt b/ChangeLog.d/base64-ranges.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3f3862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ChangeLog.d/base64-ranges.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Changes
+   * Improve the performance of base64 constant-flow code. The result is still
+     slower than the original non-constant-flow implementation, but much faster
+     than the previous constant-flow implementation. Fixes #4814.
diff --git a/ChangeLog.d/no-strerror.txt b/ChangeLog.d/no-strerror.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69743a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ChangeLog.d/no-strerror.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Bugfix
+   * Fix the build of sample programs when neither MBEDTLS_ERROR_C nor
+     MBEDTLS_ERROR_STRERROR_DUMMY is enabled.
diff --git a/library/base64.c b/library/base64.c
index 9cf5dd4..a516c1d 100644
--- a/library/base64.c
+++ b/library/base64.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BASE64_C)
 
 #include "mbedtls/base64.h"
+#include "base64_invasive.h"
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
@@ -35,127 +36,41 @@
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_SELF_TEST */
 
-static const unsigned char base64_enc_map[64] =
-{
-    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J',
-    'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T',
-    'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd',
-    'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
-    'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x',
-    'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
-    '8', '9', '+', '/'
-};
-
-static const unsigned char base64_dec_map[128] =
-{
-    127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127,
-    127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127,
-    127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127,
-    127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127,
-    127, 127, 127,  62, 127, 127, 127,  63,  52,  53,
-     54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59,  60,  61, 127, 127,
-    127,  64, 127, 127, 127,   0,   1,   2,   3,   4,
-      5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,
-     15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,
-     25, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127,  26,  27,  28,
-     29,  30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,
-     39,  40,  41,  42,  43,  44,  45,  46,  47,  48,
-     49,  50,  51, 127, 127, 127, 127, 127
-};
-
 #define BASE64_SIZE_T_MAX   ( (size_t) -1 ) /* SIZE_T_MAX is not standard */
 
-/*
- * Constant flow conditional assignment to unsigned char
+/* Return 0xff if low <= c <= high, 0 otherwise.
+ *
+ * Constant flow with respect to c.
  */
-static void mbedtls_base64_cond_assign_uchar( unsigned char * dest, const unsigned char * const src,
-                                       unsigned char condition )
+MBEDTLS_STATIC_TESTABLE
+unsigned char mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( unsigned char low,
+                                            unsigned char high,
+                                            unsigned char c )
 {
-    /* MSVC has a warning about unary minus on unsigned integer types,
-     * but this is well-defined and precisely what we want to do here. */
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#pragma warning( push )
-#pragma warning( disable : 4146 )
-#endif
-
-    /* Generate bitmask from condition, mask will either be 0xFF or 0 */
-    unsigned char mask = ( condition | -condition );
-    mask >>= 7;
-    mask = -mask;
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#pragma warning( pop )
-#endif
-
-    *dest = ( ( *src ) & mask ) | ( ( *dest ) & ~mask );
+    /* low_mask is: 0 if low <= c, 0x...ff if low > c */
+    unsigned low_mask = ( (unsigned) c - low ) >> 8;
+    /* high_mask is: 0 if c <= high, 0x...ff if c > high */
+    unsigned high_mask = ( (unsigned) high - c ) >> 8;
+    return( ~( low_mask | high_mask ) & 0xff );
 }
 
-/*
- * Constant flow conditional assignment to uint_32
+/* Given a value in the range 0..63, return the corresponding Base64 digit.
+ * The implementation assumes that letters are consecutive (e.g. ASCII
+ * but not EBCDIC).
  */
-static void mbedtls_base64_cond_assign_uint32( uint32_t * dest, const uint32_t src,
-                                       uint32_t condition )
+MBEDTLS_STATIC_TESTABLE
+unsigned char mbedtls_base64_enc_char( unsigned char val )
 {
-    /* MSVC has a warning about unary minus on unsigned integer types,
-     * but this is well-defined and precisely what we want to do here. */
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#pragma warning( push )
-#pragma warning( disable : 4146 )
-#endif
-
-    /* Generate bitmask from condition, mask will either be 0xFFFFFFFF or 0 */
-    uint32_t mask = ( condition | -condition );
-    mask >>= 31;
-    mask = -mask;
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#pragma warning( pop )
-#endif
-
-    *dest = ( src & mask ) | ( ( *dest ) & ~mask );
-}
-
-/*
- * Constant flow check for equality
- */
-static unsigned char mbedtls_base64_eq( size_t in_a, size_t in_b )
-{
-    size_t difference = in_a ^ in_b;
-
-    /* MSVC has a warning about unary minus on unsigned integer types,
-     * but this is well-defined and precisely what we want to do here. */
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#pragma warning( push )
-#pragma warning( disable : 4146 )
-#endif
-
-    difference |= -difference;
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#pragma warning( pop )
-#endif
-
-    /* cope with the varying size of size_t per platform */
-    difference >>= ( sizeof( difference ) * 8 - 1 );
-
-    return (unsigned char) ( 1 ^ difference );
-}
-
-/*
- * Constant flow lookup into table.
- */
-static unsigned char mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( const unsigned char * const table,
-                                                 const size_t table_size, const size_t table_index )
-{
-    size_t i;
-    unsigned char result = 0;
-
-    for( i = 0; i < table_size; ++i )
-    {
-        mbedtls_base64_cond_assign_uchar( &result, &table[i], mbedtls_base64_eq( i, table_index ) );
-    }
-
-    return result;
+    unsigned char digit = 0;
+    /* For each range of values, if val is in that range, mask digit with
+     * the corresponding value. Since val can only be in a single range,
+     * only at most one masking will change digit. */
+    digit |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range(  0, 25, val ) & ( 'A' + val );
+    digit |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( 26, 51, val ) & ( 'a' + val - 26 );
+    digit |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( 52, 61, val ) & ( '0' + val - 52 );
+    digit |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( 62, 62, val ) & '+';
+    digit |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( 63, 63, val ) & '/';
+    return( digit );
 }
 
 /*
@@ -198,17 +113,12 @@
         C2 = *src++;
         C3 = *src++;
 
-        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_enc_map, sizeof( base64_enc_map ),
-                                            ( ( C1 >> 2 ) & 0x3F ) );
-
-        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_enc_map, sizeof( base64_enc_map ),
-                                            ( ( ( ( C1 &  3 ) << 4 ) + ( C2 >> 4 ) ) & 0x3F ) );
-
-        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_enc_map, sizeof( base64_enc_map ),
-                                            ( ( ( ( C2 & 15 ) << 2 ) + ( C3 >> 6 ) ) & 0x3F ) );
-
-        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_enc_map, sizeof( base64_enc_map ),
-                                            ( C3 & 0x3F ) );
+        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_enc_char( ( C1 >> 2 ) & 0x3F );
+        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_enc_char( ( ( ( C1 &  3 ) << 4 ) + ( C2 >> 4 ) )
+                                        & 0x3F );
+        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_enc_char( ( ( ( C2 & 15 ) << 2 ) + ( C3 >> 6 ) )
+                                        & 0x3F );
+        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_enc_char( C3 & 0x3F );
     }
 
     if( i < slen )
@@ -216,15 +126,12 @@
         C1 = *src++;
         C2 = ( ( i + 1 ) < slen ) ? *src++ : 0;
 
-        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_enc_map, sizeof( base64_enc_map ),
-                                            ( ( C1 >> 2 ) & 0x3F ) );
-
-        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_enc_map, sizeof( base64_enc_map ),
-                                            ( ( ( ( C1 & 3 ) << 4 ) + ( C2 >> 4 ) ) & 0x3F ) );
+        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_enc_char( ( C1 >> 2 ) & 0x3F );
+        *p++ = mbedtls_base64_enc_char( ( ( ( C1 & 3 ) << 4 ) + ( C2 >> 4 ) )
+                                        & 0x3F );
 
         if( ( i + 1 ) < slen )
-             *p++ = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_enc_map, sizeof( base64_enc_map ),
-                                                 ( ( ( C2 & 15 ) << 2 ) & 0x3F ) );
+             *p++ = mbedtls_base64_enc_char( ( ( C2 & 15 ) << 2 ) & 0x3F );
         else *p++ = '=';
 
         *p++ = '=';
@@ -236,26 +143,58 @@
     return( 0 );
 }
 
+/* Given a Base64 digit, return its value.
+ * If c is not a Base64 digit ('A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '0'..'9', '+' or '/'),
+ * return -1.
+ *
+ * The implementation assumes that letters are consecutive (e.g. ASCII
+ * but not EBCDIC).
+ *
+ * The implementation is constant-flow (no branch or memory access depending
+ * on the value of c) unless the compiler inlines and optimizes a specific
+ * access.
+ */
+MBEDTLS_STATIC_TESTABLE
+signed char mbedtls_base64_dec_value( unsigned char c )
+{
+    unsigned char val = 0;
+    /* For each range of digits, if c is in that range, mask val with
+     * the corresponding value. Since c can only be in a single range,
+     * only at most one masking will change val. Set val to one plus
+     * the desired value so that it stays 0 if c is in none of the ranges. */
+    val |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( 'A', 'Z', c ) & ( c - 'A' +  0 + 1 );
+    val |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( 'a', 'z', c ) & ( c - 'a' + 26 + 1 );
+    val |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( '0', '9', c ) & ( c - '0' + 52 + 1 );
+    val |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( '+', '+', c ) & ( c - '+' + 62 + 1 );
+    val |= mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( '/', '/', c ) & ( c - '/' + 63 + 1 );
+    /* At this point, val is 0 if c is an invalid digit and v+1 if c is
+     * a digit with the value v. */
+    return( val - 1 );
+}
+
 /*
  * Decode a base64-formatted buffer
  */
 int mbedtls_base64_decode( unsigned char *dst, size_t dlen, size_t *olen,
                    const unsigned char *src, size_t slen )
 {
-    size_t i, n;
-    uint32_t j, x;
+    size_t i; /* index in source */
+    size_t n; /* number of digits or trailing = in source */
+    uint32_t x; /* value accumulator */
+    unsigned accumulated_digits = 0;
+    unsigned equals = 0;
+    int spaces_present = 0;
     unsigned char *p;
-    unsigned char dec_map_lookup;
 
     /* First pass: check for validity and get output length */
-    for( i = n = j = 0; i < slen; i++ )
+    for( i = n = 0; i < slen; i++ )
     {
         /* Skip spaces before checking for EOL */
-        x = 0;
+        spaces_present = 0;
         while( i < slen && src[i] == ' ' )
         {
             ++i;
-            ++x;
+            spaces_present = 1;
         }
 
         /* Spaces at end of buffer are OK */
@@ -270,20 +209,24 @@
             continue;
 
         /* Space inside a line is an error */
-        if( x != 0 )
+        if( spaces_present )
             return( MBEDTLS_ERR_BASE64_INVALID_CHARACTER );
 
-        if( src[i] == '=' && ++j > 2 )
+        if( src[i] > 127 )
             return( MBEDTLS_ERR_BASE64_INVALID_CHARACTER );
 
-        dec_map_lookup = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_dec_map, sizeof( base64_dec_map ), src[i] );
-
-        if( src[i] > 127 || dec_map_lookup == 127 )
-            return( MBEDTLS_ERR_BASE64_INVALID_CHARACTER );
-
-        if( dec_map_lookup < 64 && j != 0 )
-            return( MBEDTLS_ERR_BASE64_INVALID_CHARACTER );
-
+        if( src[i] == '=' )
+        {
+            if( ++equals > 2 )
+                return( MBEDTLS_ERR_BASE64_INVALID_CHARACTER );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( equals != 0 )
+                return( MBEDTLS_ERR_BASE64_INVALID_CHARACTER );
+            if( mbedtls_base64_dec_value( src[i] ) < 0 )
+                return( MBEDTLS_ERR_BASE64_INVALID_CHARACTER );
+        }
         n++;
     }
 
@@ -298,7 +241,7 @@
      *     n = ( ( n * 6 ) + 7 ) >> 3;
      */
     n = ( 6 * ( n >> 3 ) ) + ( ( 6 * ( n & 0x7 ) + 7 ) >> 3 );
-    n -= j;
+    n -= equals;
 
     if( dst == NULL || dlen < n )
     {
@@ -306,22 +249,24 @@
         return( MBEDTLS_ERR_BASE64_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL );
     }
 
-   for( j = 3, n = x = 0, p = dst; i > 0; i--, src++ )
-   {
+    equals = 0;
+    for( x = 0, p = dst; i > 0; i--, src++ )
+    {
         if( *src == '\r' || *src == '\n' || *src == ' ' )
             continue;
 
-        dec_map_lookup = mbedtls_base64_table_lookup( base64_dec_map, sizeof( base64_dec_map ), *src );
+        x = x << 6;
+        if( *src == '=' )
+            ++equals;
+        else
+            x |= mbedtls_base64_dec_value( *src );
 
-        mbedtls_base64_cond_assign_uint32( &j, j - 1, mbedtls_base64_eq( dec_map_lookup, 64 ) );
-        x  = ( x << 6 ) | ( dec_map_lookup & 0x3F );
-
-        if( ++n == 4 )
+        if( ++accumulated_digits == 4 )
         {
-            n = 0;
-            if( j > 0 ) *p++ = MBEDTLS_BYTE_2( x );
-            if( j > 1 ) *p++ = MBEDTLS_BYTE_1( x );
-            if( j > 2 ) *p++ = MBEDTLS_BYTE_0( x );
+            accumulated_digits = 0;
+            *p++ = MBEDTLS_BYTE_2( x );
+            if( equals <= 1 ) *p++ = MBEDTLS_BYTE_1( x );
+            if( equals <= 0 ) *p++ = MBEDTLS_BYTE_0( x );
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/library/base64_invasive.h b/library/base64_invasive.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e26471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/base64_invasive.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+ * \file base_invasive.h
+ *
+ * \brief Base64 module: interfaces for invasive testing only.
+ *
+ * The interfaces in this file are intended for testing purposes only.
+ * They SHOULD NOT be made available in library integrations except when
+ * building the library for testing.
+ */
+/*
+ *  Copyright The Mbed TLS Contributors
+ *  SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+ *  not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ *  WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+#ifndef MBEDTLS_BASE64_INVASIVE_H
+#define MBEDTLS_BASE64_INVASIVE_H
+
+#include "common.h"
+
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_TEST_HOOKS)
+/* Return 0xff if low <= c <= high, 0 otherwise.
+ *
+ * Constant flow with respect to c.
+ */
+unsigned char mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( unsigned char low,
+                                            unsigned char high,
+                                            unsigned char c );
+
+/* Given a value in the range 0..63, return the corresponding Base64 digit.
+ *
+ * Operates in constant time (no branches or memory access depending on val).
+ */
+unsigned char mbedtls_base64_enc_char( unsigned char val );
+
+/* Given a Base64 digit, return its value.
+ * If c is not a Base64 digit ('A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '0'..'9', '+' or '/'),
+ * return -1.
+ *
+ * Operates in constant time (no branches or memory access depending on c).
+ */
+signed char mbedtls_base64_dec_value( unsigned char c );
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_TEST_HOOKS */
+
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_SSL_INVASIVE_H */
diff --git a/programs/.gitignore b/programs/.gitignore
index 9816c34..353a92d 100644
--- a/programs/.gitignore
+++ b/programs/.gitignore
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
 x509/cert_req
 x509/cert_write
 x509/crl_app
+x509/load_roots
 x509/req_app
 
 # generated files
diff --git a/programs/Makefile b/programs/Makefile
index 8cd27ea..35ef7ad 100644
--- a/programs/Makefile
+++ b/programs/Makefile
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@
 	x509/cert_req$(EXEXT) \
 	x509/cert_write$(EXEXT) \
 	x509/crl_app$(EXEXT) \
+	x509/load_roots$(EXEXT) \
 	x509/req_app$(EXEXT) \
 # End of APPS
 
@@ -357,6 +358,10 @@
 	echo "  CC    x509/cert_req.c"
 	$(CC) $(LOCAL_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) x509/cert_req.c    $(LOCAL_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
 
+x509/load_roots$(EXEXT): x509/load_roots.c $(DEP)
+	echo "  CC    x509/load_roots.c"
+	$(CC) $(LOCAL_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) x509/load_roots.c    $(LOCAL_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
+
 x509/req_app$(EXEXT): x509/req_app.c $(DEP)
 	echo "  CC    x509/req_app.c"
 	$(CC) $(LOCAL_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) x509/req_app.c    $(LOCAL_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
diff --git a/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c b/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
index 6a4d0e4..0d531ea 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
@@ -197,7 +197,9 @@
 {
     int ret = 1;
     int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
-    char buf[1024];
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C)
+    char buf[200];
+#endif
     int i;
     char *p, *q;
 
@@ -208,7 +210,9 @@
      * Set to sane values
      */
     mbedtls_pk_init( &key );
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C)
     memset( buf, 0, sizeof( buf ) );
+#endif
 
     mbedtls_mpi_init( &N ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &P ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &Q );
     mbedtls_mpi_init( &D ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &E ); mbedtls_mpi_init( &DP );
@@ -296,8 +300,7 @@
 
         if( ret != 0 )
         {
-            mbedtls_strerror( ret, (char *) buf, sizeof(buf) );
-            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
+            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile returned -0x%04x", (unsigned int) -ret );
             goto exit;
         }
 
@@ -357,8 +360,7 @@
 
         if( ret != 0 )
         {
-            mbedtls_strerror( ret, (char *) buf, sizeof(buf) );
-            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_pk_parse_public_key returned -0x%04x - %s\n\n", (unsigned int) -ret, buf );
+            mbedtls_printf( " failed\n  !  mbedtls_pk_parse_public_key returned -0x%04x", (unsigned int) -ret );
             goto exit;
         }
 
diff --git a/programs/x509/CMakeLists.txt b/programs/x509/CMakeLists.txt
index 29cbeb8..5b1c319 100644
--- a/programs/x509/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/programs/x509/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
     cert_req
     cert_write
     crl_app
+    load_roots
     req_app
 )
 
diff --git a/programs/x509/load_roots.c b/programs/x509/load_roots.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a40949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/programs/x509/load_roots.c
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+/*
+ *  Root CA reading application
+ *
+ *  Copyright The Mbed TLS Contributors
+ *  SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR GPL-2.0-or-later
+ *
+ *  This file is provided under the Apache License 2.0, or the
+ *  GNU General Public License v2.0 or later.
+ *
+ *  **********
+ *  Apache License 2.0:
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+ *  not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ *  WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *  **********
+ *
+ *  **********
+ *  GNU General Public License v2.0 or later:
+ *
+ *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+ *  with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ *  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ *  **********
+ */
+
+#if !defined(MBEDTLS_CONFIG_FILE)
+#include "mbedtls/config.h"
+#else
+#include MBEDTLS_CONFIG_FILE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C)
+#include "mbedtls/platform.h"
+#else
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_time            time
+#define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
+#define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
+
+#if !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) ||  \
+    !defined(MBEDTLS_TIMING_C)
+int main( void )
+{
+    mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
+           "MBEDTLS_TIMING_C not defined.\n");
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
+}
+#else
+
+#include "mbedtls/error.h"
+#include "mbedtls/timing.h"
+#include "mbedtls/x509_crt.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define DFL_ITERATIONS          1
+#define DFL_PRIME_CACHE         1
+
+#define USAGE \
+    "\n usage: load_roots param=<>... [--] FILE...\n"   \
+    "\n acceptable parameters:\n"                       \
+    "    iterations=%%d        Iteration count (not including cache priming); default: 1\n"  \
+    "    prime=%%d             Prime the disk read cache? Default: 1 (yes)\n"  \
+    "\n"
+
+
+/*
+ * global options
+ */
+struct options
+{
+    const char **filenames;     /* NULL-terminated list of file names */
+    unsigned iterations;        /* Number of iterations to time */
+    int prime_cache;            /* Prime the disk read cache? */
+} opt;
+
+
+int read_certificates( const char *const *filenames )
+{
+    mbedtls_x509_crt cas;
+    int ret = 0;
+    const char *const *cur;
+
+    mbedtls_x509_crt_init( &cas );
+
+    for( cur = filenames; *cur != NULL; cur++ )
+    {
+        ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file( &cas, *cur );
+        if( ret != 0 )
+        {
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C) || defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_STRERROR_DUMMY)
+            char error_message[200];
+            mbedtls_strerror( ret, error_message, sizeof( error_message ) );
+            printf( "\n%s: -0x%04x (%s)\n",
+                    *cur, (unsigned) -ret, error_message );
+#else
+            printf( "\n%s: -0x%04x\n",
+                    *cur, (unsigned) -ret );
+#endif
+            goto exit;
+        }
+    }
+
+exit:
+    mbedtls_x509_crt_free( &cas );
+    return( ret == 0 );
+}
+
+int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
+{
+    int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
+    unsigned i, j;
+    struct mbedtls_timing_hr_time timer;
+    unsigned long ms;
+
+    if( argc <= 1 )
+    {
+        mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
+        goto exit;
+    }
+
+    opt.filenames = NULL;
+    opt.iterations = DFL_ITERATIONS;
+    opt.prime_cache = DFL_PRIME_CACHE;
+
+    for( i = 1; i < (unsigned) argc; i++ )
+    {
+        char *p = argv[i];
+        char *q = NULL;
+
+        if( strcmp( p, "--" ) == 0 )
+            break;
+        if( ( q = strchr( p, '=' ) ) == NULL )
+            break;
+        *q++ = '\0';
+
+        for( j = 0; p + j < q; j++ )
+        {
+            if( argv[i][j] >= 'A' && argv[i][j] <= 'Z' )
+                argv[i][j] |= 0x20;
+        }
+
+        if( strcmp( p, "iterations" ) == 0 )
+        {
+            opt.iterations = atoi( q );
+        }
+        else if( strcmp( p, "prime" ) == 0 )
+        {
+            opt.iterations = atoi( q ) != 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            mbedtls_printf( "Unknown option: %s\n", p );
+            mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
+            goto exit;
+        }
+    }
+
+    opt.filenames = (const char**) argv + i;
+    if( *opt.filenames == 0 )
+    {
+        mbedtls_printf( "Missing list of certificate files to parse\n" );
+        goto exit;
+    }
+
+    mbedtls_printf( "Parsing %u certificates", argc - i );
+    if( opt.prime_cache )
+    {
+        if( ! read_certificates( opt.filenames ) )
+            goto exit;
+        mbedtls_printf( " " );
+    }
+
+    (void) mbedtls_timing_get_timer( &timer, 1 );
+    for( i = 1; i <= opt.iterations; i++ )
+    {
+        if( ! read_certificates( opt.filenames ) )
+            goto exit;
+        mbedtls_printf( "." );
+    }
+    ms = mbedtls_timing_get_timer( &timer, 0 );
+    mbedtls_printf( "\n%u iterations -> %lu ms\n", opt.iterations, ms );
+    exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+exit:
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
+}
+#endif /* necessary configuration */
diff --git a/tests/include/test/helpers.h b/tests/include/test/helpers.h
index dfc09cd..5d10190 100644
--- a/tests/include/test/helpers.h
+++ b/tests/include/test/helpers.h
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@
     const char *filename;
     int line_no;
     unsigned long step;
+    char line1[76];
+    char line2[76];
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_TEST_MUTEX_USAGE)
     const char *mutex_usage_error;
 #endif
@@ -131,6 +133,27 @@
 void mbedtls_test_info_reset( void );
 
 /**
+ * \brief           Record the current test case as a failure if two integers
+ *                  have a different value.
+ *
+ *                  This function is usually called via the macro
+ *                  #TEST_EQUAL.
+ *
+ * \param test      Description of the failure or assertion that failed. This
+ *                  MUST be a string literal. This normally has the form
+ *                  "EXPR1 == EXPR2" where EXPR1 has the value \p value1
+ *                  and EXPR2 has the value \p value2.
+ * \param line_no   Line number where the failure originated.
+ * \param filename  Filename where the failure originated.
+ * \param value1    The first value to compare.
+ * \param value2    The second value to compare.
+ *
+ * \return          \c 1 if the values are equal, otherwise \c 0.
+ */
+int mbedtls_test_equal( const char *test, int line_no, const char* filename,
+                        unsigned long long value1, unsigned long long value2 );
+
+/**
  * \brief          This function decodes the hexadecimal representation of
  *                 data.
  *
diff --git a/tests/include/test/macros.h b/tests/include/test/macros.h
index b7b6e8f..7b4c2f6 100644
--- a/tests/include/test/macros.h
+++ b/tests/include/test/macros.h
@@ -84,15 +84,21 @@
        }                                                    \
     } while( 0 )
 
-/** Evaluate two expressions and fail the test case if they have different
- * values.
+/** Evaluate two integer expressions and fail the test case if they have
+ * different values.
  *
- * \param expr1     An expression to evaluate.
- * \param expr2     The expected value of \p expr1. This can be any
- *                  expression, but it is typically a constant.
+ * The two expressions should have the same signedness, otherwise the
+ * comparison is not meaningful if the signed value is negative.
+ *
+ * \param expr1     An integral-typed expression to evaluate.
+ * \param expr2     Another integral-typed expression to evaluate.
  */
-#define TEST_EQUAL( expr1, expr2 )              \
-    TEST_ASSERT( ( expr1 ) == ( expr2 ) )
+#define TEST_EQUAL( expr1, expr2 )                                      \
+    do {                                                                \
+        if( ! mbedtls_test_equal( #expr1 " == " #expr2, __LINE__, __FILE__, \
+                                  expr1, expr2 ) )                      \
+            goto exit;                                                  \
+    } while( 0 )
 
 /** Allocate memory dynamically and fail the test case if this fails.
  * The allocated memory will be filled with zeros.
diff --git a/tests/src/helpers.c b/tests/src/helpers.c
index bf6c1d9..c53e4fc 100644
--- a/tests/src/helpers.c
+++ b/tests/src/helpers.c
@@ -113,6 +113,31 @@
     mbedtls_test_info.test = 0;
     mbedtls_test_info.line_no = 0;
     mbedtls_test_info.filename = 0;
+    memset( mbedtls_test_info.line1, 0, sizeof( mbedtls_test_info.line1 ) );
+    memset( mbedtls_test_info.line2, 0, sizeof( mbedtls_test_info.line2 ) );
+}
+
+int mbedtls_test_equal( const char *test, int line_no, const char* filename,
+                        unsigned long long value1, unsigned long long value2 )
+{
+    if( value1 == value2 )
+        return( 1 );
+    if( mbedtls_test_info.result == MBEDTLS_TEST_RESULT_FAILED )
+    {
+        /* We've already recorded the test as having failed. Don't
+         * overwrite any previous information about the failure. */
+        return( 0 );
+    }
+    mbedtls_test_fail( test, line_no, filename );
+    (void) mbedtls_snprintf( mbedtls_test_info.line1,
+                             sizeof( mbedtls_test_info.line1 ),
+                             "lhs = 0x%016llx = %lld",
+                             value1, (long long) value1 );
+    (void) mbedtls_snprintf( mbedtls_test_info.line2,
+                             sizeof( mbedtls_test_info.line2 ),
+                             "rhs = 0x%016llx = %lld",
+                             value2, (long long) value2 );
+    return( 0 );
 }
 
 int mbedtls_test_unhexify( unsigned char *obuf,
diff --git a/tests/src/psa_exercise_key.c b/tests/src/psa_exercise_key.c
index e4e55c9..923d2c1 100644
--- a/tests/src/psa_exercise_key.c
+++ b/tests/src/psa_exercise_key.c
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@
         TEST_EQUAL( mbedtls_asn1_get_tag( &p, end, &len,
                                           MBEDTLS_ASN1_SEQUENCE |
                                           MBEDTLS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED ), 0 );
-        TEST_EQUAL( p + len, end );
+        TEST_EQUAL( len, end - p );
         if( ! mbedtls_test_asn1_skip_integer( &p, end, 0, 0, 0 ) )
             goto exit;
         if( ! mbedtls_test_asn1_skip_integer( &p, end, bits, bits, 1 ) )
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@
             goto exit;
         if( ! mbedtls_test_asn1_skip_integer( &p, end, 1, bits / 2 + 1, 0 ) )
             goto exit;
-        TEST_EQUAL( p, end );
+        TEST_EQUAL( p - end, 0 );
 
         TEST_ASSERT( exported_length <= PSA_EXPORT_KEY_PAIR_MAX_SIZE );
     }
@@ -716,12 +716,12 @@
                                           MBEDTLS_ASN1_SEQUENCE |
                                           MBEDTLS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED ),
                     0 );
-        TEST_EQUAL( p + len, end );
+        TEST_EQUAL( len, end - p );
         if( ! mbedtls_test_asn1_skip_integer( &p, end, bits, bits, 1 ) )
             goto exit;
         if( ! mbedtls_test_asn1_skip_integer( &p, end, 2, bits, 1 ) )
             goto exit;
-        TEST_EQUAL( p, end );
+        TEST_EQUAL( p - end, 0 );
 
 
         TEST_ASSERT( exported_length <=
diff --git a/tests/ssl-opt.sh b/tests/ssl-opt.sh
index fec9776..6f25cff 100755
--- a/tests/ssl-opt.sh
+++ b/tests/ssl-opt.sh
@@ -585,6 +585,8 @@
 # Wait for process $2 named $3 to be listening on port $1. Print error to $4.
 if type lsof >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then
     wait_app_start() {
+        newline='
+'
         START_TIME=$(date +%s)
         if [ "$DTLS" -eq 1 ]; then
             proto=UDP
@@ -592,7 +594,15 @@
             proto=TCP
         fi
         # Make a tight loop, server normally takes less than 1s to start.
-        while ! lsof -a -n -b -i "$proto:$1" -p "$2" >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; do
+        while true; do
+              SERVER_PIDS=$(lsof -a -n -b -i "$proto:$1" -F p)
+              # When we use a proxy, it will be listening on the same port we
+              # are checking for as well as the server and lsof will list both.
+              # If multiple PIDs are returned, each one will be on a separate
+              # line, each prepended with 'p'.
+             case ${newline}${SERVER_PIDS}${newline} in
+                  *${newline}p${2}${newline}*) break;;
+              esac
               if [ $(( $(date +%s) - $START_TIME )) -gt $DOG_DELAY ]; then
                   echo "$3 START TIMEOUT"
                   echo "$3 START TIMEOUT" >> $4
diff --git a/tests/suites/host_test.function b/tests/suites/host_test.function
index a5fd717..17926eb 100644
--- a/tests/suites/host_test.function
+++ b/tests/suites/host_test.function
@@ -778,6 +778,12 @@
                     mbedtls_fprintf( stdout, "line %d, %s",
                                      mbedtls_test_info.line_no,
                                      mbedtls_test_info.filename );
+                    if( mbedtls_test_info.line1[0] != 0 )
+                        mbedtls_fprintf( stdout, "\n  %s",
+                                         mbedtls_test_info.line1 );
+                    if( mbedtls_test_info.line2[0] != 0 )
+                        mbedtls_fprintf( stdout, "\n  %s",
+                                         mbedtls_test_info.line2 );
                 }
                 fflush( stdout );
             }
diff --git a/tests/suites/test_suite_base64.data b/tests/suites/test_suite_base64.data
index 3a892f4..5556668 100644
--- a/tests/suites/test_suite_base64.data
+++ b/tests/suites/test_suite_base64.data
@@ -1,3 +1,33 @@
+mask_of_range empty (1..0)
+mask_of_range:1:0
+
+mask_of_range empty (255..0)
+mask_of_range:255:0
+
+mask_of_range empty (42..7)
+mask_of_range:42:7
+
+mask_of_range 0..0
+mask_of_range:0:0
+
+mask_of_range 42..42
+mask_of_range:42:42
+
+mask_of_range 255..255
+mask_of_range:255:255
+
+mask_of_range 0..255
+mask_of_range:0:255
+
+mask_of_range 'A'..'Z'
+mask_of_range:65:90
+
+enc_char (all digits)
+enc_chars:
+
+dec_value (all characters)
+dec_chars:
+
 Test case mbedtls_base64_encode #1 buffer just right
 mbedtls_base64_encode:"":"":0:0
 
diff --git a/tests/suites/test_suite_base64.function b/tests/suites/test_suite_base64.function
index be9b6e8..67fbb67 100644
--- a/tests/suites/test_suite_base64.function
+++ b/tests/suites/test_suite_base64.function
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 /* BEGIN_HEADER */
 #include "mbedtls/base64.h"
+#include "base64_invasive.h"
 #include <test/constant_flow.h>
+
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_TEST_HOOKS)
+static const char base64_digits[] =
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_TEST_HOOKS */
+
 /* END_HEADER */
 
 /* BEGIN_DEPENDENCIES
@@ -8,6 +15,65 @@
  * END_DEPENDENCIES
  */
 
+/* BEGIN_CASE depends_on:MBEDTLS_TEST_HOOKS */
+void mask_of_range( int low_arg, int high_arg )
+{
+    unsigned char low = low_arg, high = high_arg;
+    unsigned c;
+    for( c = 0; c <= 0xff; c++ )
+    {
+        mbedtls_test_set_step( c );
+        TEST_CF_SECRET( &c, sizeof( c ) );
+        unsigned char m = mbedtls_base64_mask_of_range( low, high, c );
+        TEST_CF_PUBLIC( &c, sizeof( c ) );
+        TEST_CF_PUBLIC( &m, sizeof( m ) );
+        if( low <= c && c <= high )
+            TEST_EQUAL( m, 0xff );
+        else
+            TEST_EQUAL( m, 0 );
+    }
+}
+/* END_CASE */
+
+/* BEGIN_CASE depends_on:MBEDTLS_TEST_HOOKS */
+void enc_chars( )
+{
+    for( unsigned value = 0; value < 64; value++ )
+    {
+        mbedtls_test_set_step( value );
+        TEST_CF_SECRET( &value, sizeof( value ) );
+        unsigned char digit = mbedtls_base64_enc_char( value );
+        TEST_CF_PUBLIC( &value, sizeof( value ) );
+        TEST_CF_PUBLIC( &digit, sizeof( digit ) );
+        TEST_EQUAL( digit, base64_digits[value] );
+    }
+}
+/* END_CASE */
+
+/* BEGIN_CASE depends_on:MBEDTLS_TEST_HOOKS */
+void dec_chars( )
+{
+    char *p;
+    signed char expected;
+
+    for( unsigned c = 0; c <= 0xff; c++ )
+    {
+        mbedtls_test_set_step( c );
+        /* base64_digits is 0-terminated. sizeof()-1 excludes the trailing 0. */
+        p = memchr( base64_digits, c, sizeof( base64_digits ) - 1 );
+        if( p == NULL )
+            expected = -1;
+        else
+            expected = p - base64_digits;
+        TEST_CF_SECRET( &c, sizeof( c ) );
+        signed char actual = mbedtls_base64_dec_value( c );
+        TEST_CF_PUBLIC( &c, sizeof( c ) );
+        TEST_CF_PUBLIC( &actual, sizeof( actual ) );
+        TEST_EQUAL( actual, expected );
+    }
+}
+/* END_CASE */
+
 /* BEGIN_CASE */
 void mbedtls_base64_encode( char * src_string, char * dst_string,
                             int dst_buf_size, int result )
diff --git a/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.data b/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.data
index 580f90d..62a93a9 100644
--- a/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.data
+++ b/tests/suites/test_suite_psa_crypto.data
@@ -3442,19 +3442,19 @@
 
 PSA key derivation: HKDF SHA-256, request maximum capacity
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_HKDF:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256
-derive_output:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_SALT:"000102030405060708090a0b0c":PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_SECRET:"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_INFO:"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * 32:"3cb25f25faacd57a90434f64d0362f2a2d2d0a90cf1a5a4c5db02d56ecc4c5bf34007208d5b887185865":""
+derive_output:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_SALT:"000102030405060708090a0b0c":PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_SECRET:"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_INFO:"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * PSA_HASH_LENGTH(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"3cb25f25faacd57a90434f64d0362f2a2d2d0a90cf1a5a4c5db02d56ecc4c5bf34007208d5b887185865":""
 
 PSA key derivation: HKDF SHA-1, request maximum capacity
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_HKDF:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_1
-derive_output:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_1):PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_SALT:"":PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_SECRET:"0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c":PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_INFO:"":255 * 20:"2c91117204d745f3500d636a62f64f0ab3bae548aa53d423b0d1f27ebba6f5e5673a081d70cce7acfc48":""
+derive_output:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_1):PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_SALT:"":PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_SECRET:"0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0c":PSA_KEY_DERIVATION_INPUT_INFO:"":255 * PSA_HASH_LENGTH(PSA_ALG_SHA_1):"2c91117204d745f3500d636a62f64f0ab3bae548aa53d423b0d1f27ebba6f5e5673a081d70cce7acfc48":""
 
 PSA key derivation: HKDF SHA-256, request too much capacity
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_HKDF:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256
-derive_set_capacity:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):255 * 32 + 1:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT
+derive_set_capacity:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):255 * PSA_HASH_LENGTH(PSA_ALG_SHA_256) + 1:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT
 
 PSA key derivation: HKDF SHA-1, request too much capacity
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_HKDF:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_1
-derive_set_capacity:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_1):255 * 20 + 1:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT
+derive_set_capacity:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_1):255 * PSA_HASH_LENGTH(PSA_ALG_SHA_1) + 1:PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT
 
 PSA key derivation: over capacity 42: output 42+1
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_HKDF:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256
@@ -3474,19 +3474,19 @@
 
 PSA key derivation: HKDF SHA-256, read maximum capacity minus 1
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_HKDF:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256
-derive_full:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":"000102030405060708090a0b0c":"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * 32 - 1
+derive_full:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":"000102030405060708090a0b0c":"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * PSA_HASH_LENGTH(PSA_ALG_SHA_256) - 1
 
 PSA key derivation: HKDF SHA-256, read maximum capacity
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_HKDF:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256
-derive_full:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":"000102030405060708090a0b0c":"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * 32
+derive_full:PSA_ALG_HKDF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":"000102030405060708090a0b0c":"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * PSA_HASH_LENGTH(PSA_ALG_SHA_256)
 
 PSA key derivation: TLS 1.2 PRF SHA-256, read maximum capacity minus 1
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256:PSA_WANT_ALG_TLS12_PRF
-derive_full:PSA_ALG_TLS12_PRF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":"000102030405060708090a0b0c":"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * 32 - 1
+derive_full:PSA_ALG_TLS12_PRF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":"000102030405060708090a0b0c":"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * PSA_HASH_LENGTH(PSA_ALG_SHA_256) - 1
 
 PSA key derivation: TLS 1.2 PRF SHA-256, read maximum capacity
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256:PSA_WANT_ALG_TLS12_PRF
-derive_full:PSA_ALG_TLS12_PRF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":"000102030405060708090a0b0c":"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * 32
+derive_full:PSA_ALG_TLS12_PRF(PSA_ALG_SHA_256):"0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b":"000102030405060708090a0b0c":"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9":255 * PSA_HASH_LENGTH(PSA_ALG_SHA_256)
 
 PSA key derivation: HKDF SHA-256, exercise AES128-CTR
 depends_on:PSA_WANT_ALG_CTR:PSA_WANT_ALG_HKDF:PSA_WANT_ALG_SHA_256:PSA_WANT_KEY_TYPE_AES
diff --git a/visualc/VS2010/load_roots.vcxproj b/visualc/VS2010/load_roots.vcxproj
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1eed657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/visualc/VS2010/load_roots.vcxproj
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project DefaultTargets="Build" ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <ItemGroup Label="ProjectConfigurations">
+    <ProjectConfiguration Include="Debug|Win32">
+      <Configuration>Debug</Configuration>
+      <Platform>Win32</Platform>
+    </ProjectConfiguration>
+    <ProjectConfiguration Include="Debug|x64">
+      <Configuration>Debug</Configuration>
+      <Platform>x64</Platform>
+    </ProjectConfiguration>
+    <ProjectConfiguration Include="Release|Win32">
+      <Configuration>Release</Configuration>
+      <Platform>Win32</Platform>
+    </ProjectConfiguration>
+    <ProjectConfiguration Include="Release|x64">
+      <Configuration>Release</Configuration>
+      <Platform>x64</Platform>
+    </ProjectConfiguration>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClCompile Include="..\..\programs\x509\load_roots.c" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="mbedTLS.vcxproj">
+      <Project>{46cf2d25-6a36-4189-b59c-e4815388e554}</Project>
+      <LinkLibraryDependencies>true</LinkLibraryDependencies>
+    </ProjectReference>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Label="Globals">
+    <ProjectGuid>{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}</ProjectGuid>
+    <Keyword>Win32Proj</Keyword>
+    <RootNamespace>load_roots</RootNamespace>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.Default.props" />
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'" Label="Configuration">
+    <ConfigurationType>Application</ConfigurationType>
+    <UseDebugLibraries>true</UseDebugLibraries>
+    <CharacterSet>Unicode</CharacterSet>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'" Label="Configuration">
+    <ConfigurationType>Application</ConfigurationType>
+    <UseDebugLibraries>true</UseDebugLibraries>
+    <CharacterSet>Unicode</CharacterSet>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'" Label="Configuration">
+    <ConfigurationType>Application</ConfigurationType>
+    <UseDebugLibraries>false</UseDebugLibraries>
+    <WholeProgramOptimization>true</WholeProgramOptimization>
+    <CharacterSet>Unicode</CharacterSet>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'" Label="Configuration">
+    <ConfigurationType>Application</ConfigurationType>
+    <UseDebugLibraries>false</UseDebugLibraries>
+    <WholeProgramOptimization>true</WholeProgramOptimization>
+    <CharacterSet>Unicode</CharacterSet>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.props" />
+  <ImportGroup Label="ExtensionSettings">
+  </ImportGroup>
+  <ImportGroup Label="PropertySheets" Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
+    <Import Project="$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props" Condition="exists('$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props')" Label="LocalAppDataPlatform" />
+  </ImportGroup>
+  <ImportGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'" Label="PropertySheets">
+    <Import Project="$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props" Condition="exists('$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props')" Label="LocalAppDataPlatform" />
+  </ImportGroup>
+  <ImportGroup Label="PropertySheets" Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
+    <Import Project="$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props" Condition="exists('$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props')" Label="LocalAppDataPlatform" />
+  </ImportGroup>
+  <ImportGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'" Label="PropertySheets">
+    <Import Project="$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props" Condition="exists('$(UserRootDir)\Microsoft.Cpp.$(Platform).user.props')" Label="LocalAppDataPlatform" />
+  </ImportGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Label="UserMacros" />
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
+    <LinkIncremental>true</LinkIncremental>
+    <IntDir>$(Configuration)\$(TargetName)\</IntDir>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">
+    <LinkIncremental>true</LinkIncremental>
+    <IntDir>$(Configuration)\$(TargetName)\</IntDir>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
+    <LinkIncremental>false</LinkIncremental>
+    <IntDir>$(Configuration)\$(TargetName)\</IntDir>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">
+    <LinkIncremental>false</LinkIncremental>
+    <IntDir>$(Configuration)\$(TargetName)\</IntDir>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
+      <Optimization>Disabled</Optimization>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
+../../include;../../3rdparty/everest/include/;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest/vs2010;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest/kremlib;../../tests/include      </AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
+      <AdditionalDependencies>kernel32.lib;user32.lib;gdi32.lib;winspool.lib;comdlg32.lib;advapi32.lib;shell32.lib;ole32.lib;oleaut32.lib;uuid.lib;odbc32.lib;odbccp32.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies)</AdditionalDependencies>
+      <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>Debug</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
+    </Link>
+    <ProjectReference>
+      <LinkLibraryDependencies>false</LinkLibraryDependencies>
+    </ProjectReference>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
+      <Optimization>Disabled</Optimization>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
+../../include;../../3rdparty/everest/include/;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest/vs2010;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest/kremlib;../../tests/include      </AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
+      <AdditionalDependencies>kernel32.lib;user32.lib;gdi32.lib;winspool.lib;comdlg32.lib;advapi32.lib;shell32.lib;ole32.lib;oleaut32.lib;uuid.lib;odbc32.lib;odbccp32.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies)</AdditionalDependencies>
+      <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>Debug</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
+    </Link>
+    <ProjectReference>
+      <LinkLibraryDependencies>false</LinkLibraryDependencies>
+    </ProjectReference>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
+      <Optimization>MaxSpeed</Optimization>
+      <FunctionLevelLinking>true</FunctionLevelLinking>
+      <IntrinsicFunctions>true</IntrinsicFunctions>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>NDEBUG;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
+../../include;../../3rdparty/everest/include/;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest/vs2010;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest/kremlib;../../tests/include      </AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
+      <EnableCOMDATFolding>true</EnableCOMDATFolding>
+      <OptimizeReferences>true</OptimizeReferences>
+      <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>Release</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
+      <AdditionalDependencies>kernel32.lib;user32.lib;gdi32.lib;winspool.lib;comdlg32.lib;advapi32.lib;shell32.lib;ole32.lib;oleaut32.lib;uuid.lib;odbc32.lib;odbccp32.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies)</AdditionalDependencies>
+    </Link>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
+      <Optimization>MaxSpeed</Optimization>
+      <FunctionLevelLinking>true</FunctionLevelLinking>
+      <IntrinsicFunctions>true</IntrinsicFunctions>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>NDEBUG;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
+../../include;../../3rdparty/everest/include/;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest/vs2010;../../3rdparty/everest/include/everest/kremlib;../../tests/include      </AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
+      <EnableCOMDATFolding>true</EnableCOMDATFolding>
+      <OptimizeReferences>true</OptimizeReferences>
+      <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>Release</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
+      <AdditionalDependencies>%(AdditionalDependencies);</AdditionalDependencies>
+    </Link>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />
+  <ImportGroup Label="ExtensionTargets">
+  </ImportGroup>
+</Project>
diff --git a/visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.sln b/visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.sln
index d1e884e..3624735 100644
--- a/visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.sln
+++ b/visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.sln
@@ -253,6 +253,11 @@
 		{46CF2D25-6A36-4189-B59C-E4815388E554} = {46CF2D25-6A36-4189-B59C-E4815388E554}
 	EndProjectSection
 EndProject
+Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "load_roots", "load_roots.vcxproj", "{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}"
+	ProjectSection(ProjectDependencies) = postProject
+		{46CF2D25-6A36-4189-B59C-E4815388E554} = {46CF2D25-6A36-4189-B59C-E4815388E554}
+	EndProjectSection
+EndProject
 Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "req_app", "req_app.vcxproj", "{486B1375-5CFA-C2D2-DD89-C9F497BADCB3}"
 	ProjectSection(ProjectDependencies) = postProject
 		{46CF2D25-6A36-4189-B59C-E4815388E554} = {46CF2D25-6A36-4189-B59C-E4815388E554}
@@ -674,6 +679,14 @@
 		{DB904B85-AD31-B7FB-114F-88760CC485F2}.Release|Win32.Build.0 = Release|Win32
 		{DB904B85-AD31-B7FB-114F-88760CC485F2}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|x64
 		{DB904B85-AD31-B7FB-114F-88760CC485F2}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|x64
+		{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}.Debug|Win32.ActiveCfg = Debug|Win32
+		{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}.Debug|Win32.Build.0 = Debug|Win32
+		{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|x64
+		{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|x64
+		{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}.Release|Win32.ActiveCfg = Release|Win32
+		{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}.Release|Win32.Build.0 = Release|Win32
+		{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|x64
+		{65EB85E6-C928-689F-8335-126F78025220}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|x64
 		{486B1375-5CFA-C2D2-DD89-C9F497BADCB3}.Debug|Win32.ActiveCfg = Debug|Win32
 		{486B1375-5CFA-C2D2-DD89-C9F497BADCB3}.Debug|Win32.Build.0 = Debug|Win32
 		{486B1375-5CFA-C2D2-DD89-C9F497BADCB3}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|x64
diff --git a/visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.vcxproj b/visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.vcxproj
index cd68bb0..5d5b1d3 100644
--- a/visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.vcxproj
+++ b/visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.vcxproj
@@ -253,6 +253,7 @@
     <ClInclude Include="..\..\tests\include\test\drivers\signature.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\..\tests\include\test\drivers\size.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\..\tests\include\test\drivers\test_driver.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="..\..\library\base64_invasive.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\..\library\check_crypto_config.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\..\library\common.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\..\library\ecp_invasive.h" />