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diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html
index f5120a0..c30c195 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
The <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> Structure</a>
<li> <a href="#The rcu_data Structure">
The <tt>rcu_data</tt> Structure</a>
-<li> <a href="#The rcu_dynticks Structure">
- The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> Structure</a>
<li> <a href="#The rcu_head Structure">
The <tt>rcu_head</tt> Structure</a>
<li> <a href="#RCU-Specific Fields in the task_struct Structure">
@@ -127,9 +125,11 @@
</p><p>RCU currently permits up to a four-level tree, which on a 64-bit system
accommodates up to 4,194,304 CPUs, though only a mere 524,288 CPUs for
32-bit systems.
-On the other hand, you can set <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT</tt> to be
-as small as 2 if you wish, which would permit only 16 CPUs, which
-is useful for testing.
+On the other hand, you can set both <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT</tt> and
+<tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_LEAF</tt> to be as small as 2, which would result
+in a 16-CPU test using a 4-level tree.
+This can be useful for testing large-system capabilities on small test
+machines.
</p><p>This multi-level combining tree allows us to get most of the
performance and scalability
@@ -154,44 +154,8 @@
keeping lock contention under control at all tree levels regardless
of the level of loading on the system.
-</p><p>The Linux kernel actually supports multiple flavors of RCU
-running concurrently, so RCU builds separate data structures for each
-flavor.
-For example, for <tt>CONFIG_TREE_RCU=y</tt> kernels, RCU provides
-rcu_sched and rcu_bh, as shown below:
-
-</p><p><img src="BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg" alt="BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg" width="33%">
-
-</p><p>Energy efficiency is increasingly important, and for that
-reason the Linux kernel provides <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt>, which
-turns off the scheduling-clock interrupts on idle CPUs, which in
-turn allows those CPUs to attain deeper sleep states and to consume
-less energy.
-CPUs whose scheduling-clock interrupts have been turned off are
-said to be in <i>dyntick-idle mode</i>.
-RCU must handle dyntick-idle CPUs specially
-because RCU would otherwise wake up each CPU on every grace period,
-which would defeat the whole purpose of <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt>.
-RCU uses the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure to track
-which CPUs are in dyntick idle mode, as shown below:
-
-</p><p><img src="BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg" alt="BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg" width="33%">
-
-</p><p>However, if a CPU is in dyntick-idle mode, it is in that mode
-for all flavors of RCU.
-Therefore, a single <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure is allocated per
-CPU, and all of a given CPU's <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures share
-that <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>, as shown in the figure.
-
-</p><p>Kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU</tt> support
-rcu_preempt in addition to rcu_sched and rcu_bh, as shown below:
-
-</p><p><img src="BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg" alt="BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg" width="35%">
-
</p><p>RCU updaters wait for normal grace periods by registering
-RCU callbacks, either directly via <tt>call_rcu()</tt> and
-friends (namely <tt>call_rcu_bh()</tt> and <tt>call_rcu_sched()</tt>),
-there being a separate interface per flavor of RCU)
+RCU callbacks, either directly via <tt>call_rcu()</tt>
or indirectly via <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> and friends.
RCU callbacks are represented by <tt>rcu_head</tt> structures,
which are queued on <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures while they are
@@ -214,9 +178,6 @@
<li> Each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure has a spinlock.
<li> The fields in <tt>rcu_data</tt> are private to the corresponding
CPU, although a few can be read and written by other CPUs.
-<li> Similarly, the fields in <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> are private
- to the corresponding CPU, although a few can be read by
- other CPUs.
</ol>
<p>It is important to note that different data structures can have
@@ -272,11 +233,6 @@
access to this information from the corresponding CPU.
Finally, this structure records past dyntick-idle state
for the corresponding CPU and also tracks statistics.
-<li> <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>:
- This per-CPU structure tracks the current dyntick-idle
- state for the corresponding CPU.
- Unlike the other three structures, the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>
- structure is not replicated per RCU flavor.
<li> <tt>rcu_head</tt>:
This structure represents RCU callbacks, and is the
only structure allocated and managed by RCU users.
@@ -287,14 +243,14 @@
<p>If all you wanted from this article was a general notion of how
RCU's data structures are related, you are done.
Otherwise, each of the following sections give more details on
-the <tt>rcu_state</tt>, <tt>rcu_node</tt>, <tt>rcu_data</tt>,
-and <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> data structures.
+the <tt>rcu_state</tt>, <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> data
+structures.
<h3><a name="The rcu_state Structure">
The <tt>rcu_state</tt> Structure</a></h3>
<p>The <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure is the base structure that
-represents a flavor of RCU.
+represents the state of RCU in the system.
This structure forms the interconnection between the
<tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures,
tracks grace periods, contains the lock used to
@@ -389,7 +345,7 @@
The bottom two bits are the state of the current grace period,
which can be zero for not yet started or one for in progress.
In other words, if the bottom two bits of <tt>->gp_seq</tt> are
-zero, the corresponding flavor of RCU is idle.
+zero, then RCU is idle.
Any other value in the bottom two bits indicates that something is broken.
This field is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's
<tt>->lock</tt> field.
@@ -419,10 +375,10 @@
grace period in jiffies.
It is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt>'s <tt>->lock</tt>.
-<p>The <tt>->name</tt> field points to the name of the RCU flavor
-(for example, “rcu_sched”), and is constant.
-The <tt>->abbr</tt> field contains a one-character abbreviation,
-for example, “s” for RCU-sched.
+<p>The <tt>->name</tt> and <tt>->abbr</tt> fields distinguish
+between preemptible RCU (“rcu_preempt” and “p”)
+and non-preemptible RCU (“rcu_sched” and “s”).
+These fields are used for diagnostic and tracing purposes.
<h3><a name="The rcu_node Structure">
The <tt>rcu_node</tt> Structure</a></h3>
@@ -971,25 +927,31 @@
pointer.
The reason for this is that all the ready-to-invoke callbacks
(that is, those in the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment) are extracted
-all at once at callback-invocation time.
+all at once at callback-invocation time (<tt>rcu_do_batch</tt>), due
+to which <tt>->head</tt> may be set to NULL if there are no not-done
+callbacks remaining in the <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt>.
If callback invocation must be postponed, for example, because a
high-priority process just woke up on this CPU, then the remaining
-callbacks are placed back on the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment.
-Either way, the <tt>->len</tt> and <tt>->len_lazy</tt> counts
-are adjusted after the corresponding callbacks have been invoked, and so
-again it is the <tt>->len</tt> count that accurately reflects whether
-or not there are callbacks associated with this <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt>
-structure.
+callbacks are placed back on the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment and
+<tt>->head</tt> once again points to the start of the segment.
+In short, the head field can briefly be <tt>NULL</tt> even though the
+CPU has callbacks present the entire time.
+Therefore, it is not appropriate to test the <tt>->head</tt> pointer
+for <tt>NULL</tt>.
+
+<p>In contrast, the <tt>->len</tt> and <tt>->len_lazy</tt> counts
+are adjusted only after the corresponding callbacks have been invoked.
+This means that the <tt>->len</tt> count is zero only if
+the <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> structure really is devoid of callbacks.
Of course, off-CPU sampling of the <tt>->len</tt> count requires
-the use of appropriate synchronization, for example, memory barriers.
+careful use of appropriate synchronization, for example, memory barriers.
This synchronization can be a bit subtle, particularly in the case
of <tt>rcu_barrier()</tt>.
<h3><a name="The rcu_data Structure">
The <tt>rcu_data</tt> Structure</a></h3>
-<p>The <tt>rcu_data</tt> maintains the per-CPU state for the
-corresponding flavor of RCU.
+<p>The <tt>rcu_data</tt> maintains the per-CPU state for the RCU subsystem.
The fields in this structure may be accessed only from the corresponding
CPU (and from tracing) unless otherwise stated.
This structure is the
@@ -1015,30 +977,19 @@
<pre>
1 int cpu;
- 2 struct rcu_state *rsp;
- 3 struct rcu_node *mynode;
- 4 struct rcu_dynticks *dynticks;
- 5 unsigned long grpmask;
- 6 bool beenonline;
+ 2 struct rcu_node *mynode;
+ 3 unsigned long grpmask;
+ 4 bool beenonline;
</pre>
<p>The <tt>->cpu</tt> field contains the number of the
-corresponding CPU, the <tt>->rsp</tt> pointer references
-the corresponding <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure (and is most frequently
-used to locate the name of the corresponding flavor of RCU for tracing),
-and the <tt>->mynode</tt> field references the corresponding
-<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.
+corresponding CPU and the <tt>->mynode</tt> field references the
+corresponding <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.
The <tt>->mynode</tt> is used to propagate quiescent states
up the combining tree.
-<p>The <tt>->dynticks</tt> pointer references the
-<tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure corresponding to this
-CPU.
-Recall that a single per-CPU instance of the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>
-structure is shared among all flavors of RCU.
-These first four fields are constant and therefore require not
-synchronization.
+These two fields are constant and therefore do not require synchronization.
-</p><p>The <tt>->grpmask</tt> field indicates the bit in
+<p>The <tt>->grpmask</tt> field indicates the bit in
the <tt>->mynode->qsmask</tt> corresponding to this
<tt>rcu_data</tt> structure, and is also used when propagating
quiescent states.
@@ -1057,12 +1008,12 @@
3 bool cpu_no_qs;
4 bool core_needs_qs;
5 bool gpwrap;
- 6 unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr_snap;
</pre>
-<p>The <tt>->gp_seq</tt> and <tt>->gp_seq_needed</tt>
-fields are the counterparts of the fields of the same name
-in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.
+<p>The <tt>->gp_seq</tt> field is the counterpart of the field of the same
+name in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures. The
+<tt>->gp_seq_needed</tt> field is the counterpart of the field of the same
+name in the rcu_node</tt> structure.
They may each lag up to one behind their <tt>rcu_node</tt>
counterparts, but in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> and
<tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL</tt> kernels can lag
@@ -1103,10 +1054,6 @@
<tt>gp_seq</tt> counter is in danger of overflow, which
will cause the CPU to disregard the values of its counters on
its next exit from idle.
-Finally, the <tt>rcu_qs_ctr_snap</tt> field is used to detect
-cases where a given operation has resulted in a quiescent state
-for all flavors of RCU, for example, <tt>cond_resched()</tt>
-when RCU has indicated a need for quiescent states.
<h5>RCU Callback Handling</h5>
@@ -1179,26 +1126,22 @@
count the number of times this CPU is determined to be in
dyntick-idle state, and is used for tracing and debugging purposes.
-<h3><a name="The rcu_dynticks Structure">
-The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> Structure</a></h3>
-
-<p>The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> maintains the per-CPU dyntick-idle state
-for the corresponding CPU.
-Unlike the other structures, <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> is not
-replicated over the different flavors of RCU.
-The fields in this structure may be accessed only from the corresponding
-CPU (and from tracing) unless otherwise stated.
-Its fields are as follows:
+<p>
+This portion of the rcu_data structure is declared as follows:
<pre>
1 long dynticks_nesting;
2 long dynticks_nmi_nesting;
3 atomic_t dynticks;
4 bool rcu_need_heavy_qs;
- 5 unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr;
- 6 bool rcu_urgent_qs;
+ 5 bool rcu_urgent_qs;
</pre>
+<p>These fields in the rcu_data structure maintain the per-CPU dyntick-idle
+state for the corresponding CPU.
+The fields may be accessed only from the corresponding CPU (and from tracing)
+unless otherwise stated.
+
<p>The <tt>->dynticks_nesting</tt> field counts the
nesting depth of process execution, so that in normal circumstances
this counter has value zero or one.
@@ -1227,9 +1170,11 @@
CPU enters the idle loop from process context.
</p><p>The <tt>->dynticks</tt> field counts the corresponding
-CPU's transitions to and from dyntick-idle mode, so that this counter
-has an even value when the CPU is in dyntick-idle mode and an odd
-value otherwise.
+CPU's transitions to and from either dyntick-idle or user mode, so
+that this counter has an even value when the CPU is in dyntick-idle
+mode or user mode and an odd value otherwise. The transitions to/from
+user mode need to be counted for user mode adaptive-ticks support
+(see timers/NO_HZ.txt).
</p><p>The <tt>->rcu_need_heavy_qs</tt> field is used
to record the fact that the RCU core code would really like to
@@ -1238,19 +1183,12 @@
This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch and <tt>cond_resched()</tt>
code, which provide a momentary idle sojourn in response.
-</p><p>The <tt>->rcu_qs_ctr</tt> field is used to record
-quiescent states from <tt>cond_resched()</tt>.
-Because <tt>cond_resched()</tt> can execute quite frequently, this
-must be quite lightweight, as in a non-atomic increment of this
-per-CPU field.
-
</p><p>Finally, the <tt>->rcu_urgent_qs</tt> field is used to record
-the fact that the RCU core code would really like to see a quiescent
-state from the corresponding CPU, with the various other fields indicating
-just how badly RCU wants this quiescent state.
-This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch and <tt>cond_resched()</tt>
-code, which, if nothing else, non-atomically increment <tt>->rcu_qs_ctr</tt>
-in response.
+the fact that the RCU core code would really like to see a quiescent state from
+the corresponding CPU, with the various other fields indicating just how badly
+RCU wants this quiescent state.
+This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch path
+(<tt>rcu_note_context_switch</tt>) and the cond_resched code.
<table>
<tr><th> </th></tr>
@@ -1372,8 +1310,7 @@
Accessor Functions</a></h3>
<p>The following listing shows the
-<tt>rcu_get_root()</tt>, <tt>rcu_for_each_node_breadth_first</tt>,
-<tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt>, and
+<tt>rcu_get_root()</tt>, <tt>rcu_for_each_node_breadth_first</tt> and
<tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> function and macros:
<pre>
@@ -1386,13 +1323,9 @@
7 for ((rnp) = &(rsp)->node[0]; \
8 (rnp) < &(rsp)->node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
9
- 10 #define rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first(rsp, rnp) \
- 11 for ((rnp) = &(rsp)->node[0]; \
- 12 (rnp) < (rsp)->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; (rnp)++)
- 13
- 14 #define rcu_for_each_leaf_node(rsp, rnp) \
- 15 for ((rnp) = (rsp)->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; \
- 16 (rnp) < &(rsp)->node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
+ 10 #define rcu_for_each_leaf_node(rsp, rnp) \
+ 11 for ((rnp) = (rsp)->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; \
+ 12 (rnp) < &(rsp)->node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
</pre>
<p>The <tt>rcu_get_root()</tt> simply returns a pointer to the
@@ -1405,10 +1338,7 @@
structures in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's
<tt>->node[]</tt> array, performing a breadth-first traversal by
simply traversing the array in order.
-The <tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> macro operates
-similarly, but traverses only the first part of the array, thus excluding
-the leaf <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.
-Finally, the <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> macro traverses only
+Similarly, the <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> macro traverses only
the last part of the array, thus traversing only the leaf
<tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.
@@ -1416,15 +1346,14 @@
<tr><th> </th></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
<tr><td>
- What do <tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> and
+ What does
<tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> do if the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree
contains only a single node?
</td></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
In the single-node case,
- <tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> is a no-op
- and <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> traverses the single node.
+ <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> traverses the single node.
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td> </td></tr>
</table>
@@ -1432,11 +1361,11 @@
<h3><a name="Summary">
Summary</a></h3>
-So each flavor of RCU is represented by an <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure,
+So the state of RCU is represented by an <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure,
which contains a combining tree of <tt>rcu_node</tt> and
<tt>rcu_data</tt> structures.
Finally, in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> kernels, each CPU's dyntick-idle
-state is tracked by an <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure.
+state is tracked by dynticks-related fields in the <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure.
If you made it this far, you are well prepared to read the code
walkthroughs in the other articles in this series.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/blkd_task.svg b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/blkd_task.svg
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+ inkscape:cx="476.34085"
+ inkscape:cy="712.80957"
inkscape:window-x="770"
inkscape:window-y="24"
inkscape:window-maximized="0"
- inkscape:current-layer="g4114-9-3-9"
+ inkscape:current-layer="g4"
inkscape:snap-grids="false"
fit-margin-top="5"
fit-margin-right="5"
@@ -813,14 +813,18 @@
<text
sodipodi:linespacing="125%"
id="text4110-5-7-6-2-4-0"
- y="841.88086"
+ y="670.74316"
x="1460.1007"
style="font-size:267.24359131px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;text-anchor:middle;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;font-family:Sans"
xml:space="preserve"><tspan
- y="841.88086"
+ y="670.74316"
x="1460.1007"
sodipodi:role="line"
- id="tspan4925-1-2-4-5">reched_cpu()</tspan></text>
+ id="tspan4925-1-2-4-5">Request</tspan><tspan
+ y="1004.7976"
+ x="1460.1007"
+ sodipodi:role="line"
+ id="tspan3100">context switch</tspan></text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html
index 7394f03..57300db 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
lower efficiency and significant disturbance to attain shorter latencies.
<p>
-There are three flavors of RCU (RCU-bh, RCU-preempt, and RCU-sched),
-but only two flavors of expedited grace periods because the RCU-bh
-expedited grace period maps onto the RCU-sched expedited grace period.
-Each of the remaining two implementations is covered in its own section.
+There are two flavors of RCU (RCU-preempt and RCU-sched), with an earlier
+third RCU-bh flavor having been implemented in terms of the other two.
+Each of the two implementations is covered in its own section.
<ol>
<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period Design">
@@ -57,6 +56,7 @@
RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods</a></h2>
<p>
+<tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=y</tt> kernels implement RCU-preempt.
The overall flow of the handling of a given CPU by an RCU-preempt
expedited grace period is shown in the following diagram:
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@
in quiescent states.
Otherwise, the expedited grace period will use
<tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt> to send the CPU an IPI, which
-is handled by <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt>.
+is handled by <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt>.
<p>
-However, because this is preemptible RCU, <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt>
+However, because this is preemptible RCU, <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt>
can check to see if the CPU is currently running in an RCU read-side
critical section.
If not, the handler can immediately report a quiescent state.
@@ -140,30 +140,30 @@
RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods</a></h2>
<p>
+<tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt> kernels implement RCU-sched.
The overall flow of the handling of a given CPU by an RCU-sched
expedited grace period is shown in the following diagram:
<p><img src="ExpSchedFlow.svg" alt="ExpSchedFlow.svg" width="55%">
<p>
-As with RCU-preempt's <tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>,
-<tt>synchronize_sched_expedited()</tt> ignores offline and
+As with RCU-preempt, RCU-sched's
+<tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt> ignores offline and
idle CPUs, again because they are in remotely detectable
quiescent states.
-However, the <tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt> handler
-is <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt>, and because the
+However, because the
<tt>rcu_read_lock_sched()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock_sched()</tt>
leave no trace of their invocation, in general it is not possible to tell
whether or not the current CPU is in an RCU read-side critical section.
-The best that <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> can do is to check
+The best that RCU-sched's <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> can do is to check
for idle, on the off-chance that the CPU went idle while the IPI
was in flight.
-If the CPU is idle, then tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> reports
+If the CPU is idle, then <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> reports
the quiescent state.
-<p>
-Otherwise, the handler invokes <tt>resched_cpu()</tt>, which forces
-a future context switch.
+<p> Otherwise, the handler forces a future context switch by setting the
+NEED_RESCHED flag of the current task's thread flag and the CPU preempt
+counter.
At the time of the context switch, the CPU reports the quiescent state.
Should the CPU go offline first, it will report the quiescent state
at that time.
@@ -299,19 +299,18 @@
idle CPUs in the mask passed to <tt>rcu_report_exp_cpu_mult()</tt>.
<p>
-For RCU-sched, there is an additional check for idle in the IPI
-handler, <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt>.
+For RCU-sched, there is an additional check:
If the IPI has interrupted the idle loop, then
-<tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> invokes <tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt>
+<tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes <tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt>
to report the corresponding quiescent state.
<p>
For RCU-preempt, there is no specific check for idle in the
-IPI handler (<tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt>), but because
+IPI handler (<tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt>), but because
RCU read-side critical sections are not permitted within the
-idle loop, if <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt> sees that the CPU is within
+idle loop, if <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> sees that the CPU is within
RCU read-side critical section, the CPU cannot possibly be idle.
-Otherwise, <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes
+Otherwise, <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes
<tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt> to report the corresponding quiescent
state, regardless of whether or not that quiescent state was due to
the CPU being idle.
@@ -626,6 +625,8 @@
<p>
With this refinement, synchronous grace periods can now be used from
task context pretty much any time during the life of the kernel.
+That is, aside from some points in the suspend, hibernate, or shutdown
+code path.
<h3><a name="Summary">
Summary</a></h3>
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html
index a346ce0..c64f8d2 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html
@@ -34,12 +34,11 @@
period is guaranteed to see the effects of all accesses following the end
of that grace period that are within RCU read-side critical sections.
-<p>This guarantee is particularly pervasive for <tt>synchronize_sched()</tt>,
-for which RCU-sched read-side critical sections include any region
+<p>Note well that RCU-sched read-side critical sections include any region
of code for which preemption is disabled.
Given that each individual machine instruction can be thought of as
an extremely small region of preemption-disabled code, one can think of
-<tt>synchronize_sched()</tt> as <tt>smp_mb()</tt> on steroids.
+<tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> as <tt>smp_mb()</tt> on steroids.
<p>RCU updaters use this guarantee by splitting their updates into
two phases, one of which is executed before the grace period and
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@
<tt>smp_mb__after_unlock_lock()</tt> immediately after successful
acquisition of the lock.
-<p>Therefore, for any given <tt>rcu_node</tt> struction, any access
+<p>Therefore, for any given <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure, any access
happening before one of the above lock-release functions will be seen
by all CPUs as happening before any access happening after a later
one of the above lock-acquisition functions.
@@ -485,13 +484,13 @@
noted by <tt>rcu_node_context_switch()</tt> on the left.
On the other hand, if the CPU takes a scheduler-clock interrupt
while executing in usermode, a quiescent state will be noted by
-<tt>rcu_check_callbacks()</tt> on the right.
+<tt>rcu_sched_clock_irq()</tt> on the right.
Either way, the passage through a quiescent state will be noted
in a per-CPU variable.
<p>The next time an <tt>RCU_SOFTIRQ</tt> handler executes on
this CPU (for example, after the next scheduler-clock
-interrupt), <tt>__rcu_process_callbacks()</tt> will invoke
+interrupt), <tt>rcu_core()</tt> will invoke
<tt>rcu_check_quiescent_state()</tt>, which will notice the
recorded quiescent state, and invoke
<tt>rcu_report_qs_rdp()</tt>.
@@ -651,7 +650,7 @@
These callbacks are identified by <tt>rcu_advance_cbs()</tt>,
which is usually invoked by <tt>__note_gp_changes()</tt>.
As shown in the diagram below, this invocation can be triggered by
-the scheduling-clock interrupt (<tt>rcu_check_callbacks()</tt> on
+the scheduling-clock interrupt (<tt>rcu_sched_clock_irq()</tt> on
the left) or by idle entry (<tt>rcu_cleanup_after_idle()</tt> on
the right, but only for kernels build with
<tt>CONFIG_RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y</tt>).
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-callback-invocation.svg b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-callback-invocation.svg
index 8324083..3fcf0c1 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-callback-invocation.svg
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-callback-invocation.svg
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@
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- style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier">rcu_check_callbacks()</text>
+ style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier">rcu_sched_clock_irq()</text>
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x="7069.6187"
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diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp.svg b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp.svg
index acd73c7..2bcd742 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp.svg
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp.svg
@@ -3902,7 +3902,7 @@
font-style="normal"
y="-4418.6582"
x="3745.7725"
- xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_callbacks()</text>
+ xml:space="preserve">rcu_sched_clock_irq()</text>
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<g
transform="translate(-850.30204,55463.106)"
@@ -3924,7 +3924,7 @@
font-style="normal"
y="-4418.6582"
x="3745.7725"
- xml:space="preserve">rcu_process_callbacks()</text>
+ xml:space="preserve">rcu_core()</text>
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@@ -3933,7 +3933,7 @@
font-style="normal"
y="-4165.7954"
x="3745.7725"
- xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_quiescent_state())</text>
+ xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_quiescent_state()</text>
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@@ -4968,7 +4968,7 @@
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- style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier">rcu_check_callbacks()</text>
+ style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier">rcu_sched_clock_irq()</text>
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diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-qs.svg b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-qs.svg
index 149bec2..779c9ac 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-qs.svg
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-qs.svg
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@
font-style="normal"
y="-4418.6582"
x="3745.7725"
- xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_callbacks()</text>
+ xml:space="preserve">rcu_sched_clock_irq()</text>
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<g
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@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@
font-style="normal"
y="-4418.6582"
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- xml:space="preserve">rcu_process_callbacks()</text>
+ xml:space="preserve">rcu_core()</text>
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@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@
font-style="normal"
y="-4165.7954"
x="3745.7725"
- xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_quiescent_state())</text>
+ xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_quiescent_state()</text>
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style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier"
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diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html
index 4969022..467251f 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html
@@ -900,8 +900,6 @@
Grace Periods Don't Partition Read-Side Critical Sections</a>
<li> <a href="#Read-Side Critical Sections Don't Partition Grace Periods">
Read-Side Critical Sections Don't Partition Grace Periods</a>
-<li> <a href="#Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods">
- Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods</a>
</ol>
<h3><a name="Readers Impose Minimal Ordering">Readers Impose Minimal Ordering</a></h3>
@@ -1259,56 +1257,6 @@
<tr><td> </td></tr>
</table>
-<h3><a name="Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods">
-Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods</a></h3>
-
-<p>
-There was a time when disabling preemption on any given CPU would block
-subsequent grace periods.
-However, this was an accident of implementation and is not a requirement.
-And in the current Linux-kernel implementation, disabling preemption
-on a given CPU in fact does not block grace periods, as Oleg Nesterov
-<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/20150614193825.GA19582@redhat.com">demonstrated</a>.
-
-<p>
-If you need a preempt-disable region to block grace periods, you need to add
-<tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>, for example
-as follows:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
- 1 preempt_disable();
- 2 rcu_read_lock();
- 3 do_something();
- 4 rcu_read_unlock();
- 5 preempt_enable();
- 6
- 7 /* Spinlocks implicitly disable preemption. */
- 8 spin_lock(&mylock);
- 9 rcu_read_lock();
-10 do_something();
-11 rcu_read_unlock();
-12 spin_unlock(&mylock);
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-In theory, you could enter the RCU read-side critical section first,
-but it is more efficient to keep the entire RCU read-side critical
-section contained in the preempt-disable region as shown above.
-Of course, RCU read-side critical sections that extend outside of
-preempt-disable regions will work correctly, but such critical sections
-can be preempted, which forces <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> to do
-more work.
-And no, this is <i>not</i> an invitation to enclose all of your RCU
-read-side critical sections within preempt-disable regions, because
-doing so would degrade real-time response.
-
-<p>
-This non-requirement appeared with preemptible RCU.
-If you need a grace period that waits on non-preemptible code regions, use
-<a href="#Sched Flavor">RCU-sched</a>.
-
<h2><a name="Parallelism Facts of Life">Parallelism Facts of Life</a></h2>
<p>
@@ -1383,6 +1331,7 @@
<ol>
<li> <a href="#Specialization">Specialization</a>
<li> <a href="#Performance and Scalability">Performance and Scalability</a>
+<li> <a href="#Forward Progress">Forward Progress</a>
<li> <a href="#Composability">Composability</a>
<li> <a href="#Corner Cases">Corner Cases</a>
</ol>
@@ -1647,7 +1596,7 @@
16 struct foo *p;
17
18 spin_lock(&gp_lock);
-19 p = rcu_dereference(gp);
+19 p = rcu_access_pointer(gp);
20 if (!p) {
21 spin_unlock(&gp_lock);
22 return false;
@@ -1824,6 +1773,106 @@
RCU thus provides a range of tools to allow updaters to strike the
required tradeoff between latency, flexibility and CPU overhead.
+<h3><a name="Forward Progress">Forward Progress</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+In theory, delaying grace-period completion and callback invocation
+is harmless.
+In practice, not only are memory sizes finite but also callbacks sometimes
+do wakeups, and sufficiently deferred wakeups can be difficult
+to distinguish from system hangs.
+Therefore, RCU must provide a number of mechanisms to promote forward
+progress.
+
+<p>
+These mechanisms are not foolproof, nor can they be.
+For one simple example, an infinite loop in an RCU read-side critical
+section must by definition prevent later grace periods from ever completing.
+For a more involved example, consider a 64-CPU system built with
+<tt>CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y</tt> and booted with <tt>rcu_nocbs=1-63</tt>,
+where CPUs 1 through 63 spin in tight loops that invoke
+<tt>call_rcu()</tt>.
+Even if these tight loops also contain calls to <tt>cond_resched()</tt>
+(thus allowing grace periods to complete), CPU 0 simply will
+not be able to invoke callbacks as fast as the other 63 CPUs can
+register them, at least not until the system runs out of memory.
+In both of these examples, the Spiderman principle applies: With great
+power comes great responsibility.
+However, short of this level of abuse, RCU is required to
+ensure timely completion of grace periods and timely invocation of
+callbacks.
+
+<p>
+RCU takes the following steps to encourage timely completion of
+grace periods:
+
+<ol>
+<li> If a grace period fails to complete within 100 milliseconds,
+ RCU causes future invocations of <tt>cond_resched()</tt> on
+ the holdout CPUs to provide an RCU quiescent state.
+ RCU also causes those CPUs' <tt>need_resched()</tt> invocations
+ to return <tt>true</tt>, but only after the corresponding CPU's
+ next scheduling-clock.
+<li> CPUs mentioned in the <tt>nohz_full</tt> kernel boot parameter
+ can run indefinitely in the kernel without scheduling-clock
+ interrupts, which defeats the above <tt>need_resched()</tt>
+ strategem.
+ RCU will therefore invoke <tt>resched_cpu()</tt> on any
+ <tt>nohz_full</tt> CPUs still holding out after
+ 109 milliseconds.
+<li> In kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=y</tt>, if a given
+ task that has been preempted within an RCU read-side critical
+ section is holding out for more than 500 milliseconds,
+ RCU will resort to priority boosting.
+<li> If a CPU is still holding out 10 seconds into the grace
+ period, RCU will invoke <tt>resched_cpu()</tt> on it regardless
+ of its <tt>nohz_full</tt> state.
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+The above values are defaults for systems running with <tt>HZ=1000</tt>.
+They will vary as the value of <tt>HZ</tt> varies, and can also be
+changed using the relevant Kconfig options and kernel boot parameters.
+RCU currently does not do much sanity checking of these
+parameters, so please use caution when changing them.
+Note that these forward-progress measures are provided only for RCU,
+not for
+<a href="#Sleepable RCU">SRCU</a> or
+<a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>.
+
+<p>
+RCU takes the following steps in <tt>call_rcu()</tt> to encourage timely
+invocation of callbacks when any given non-<tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPU has
+10,000 callbacks, or has 10,000 more callbacks than it had the last time
+encouragement was provided:
+
+<ol>
+<li> Starts a grace period, if one is not already in progress.
+<li> Forces immediate checking for quiescent states, rather than
+ waiting for three milliseconds to have elapsed since the
+ beginning of the grace period.
+<li> Immediately tags the CPU's callbacks with their grace period
+ completion numbers, rather than waiting for the <tt>RCU_SOFTIRQ</tt>
+ handler to get around to it.
+<li> Lifts callback-execution batch limits, which speeds up callback
+ invocation at the expense of degrading realtime response.
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+Again, these are default values when running at <tt>HZ=1000</tt>,
+and can be overridden.
+Again, these forward-progress measures are provided only for RCU,
+not for
+<a href="#Sleepable RCU">SRCU</a> or
+<a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>.
+Even for RCU, callback-invocation forward progress for <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt>
+CPUs is much less well-developed, in part because workloads benefiting
+from <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPUs tend to invoke <tt>call_rcu()</tt>
+relatively infrequently.
+If workloads emerge that need both <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPUs and high
+<tt>call_rcu()</tt> invocation rates, then additional forward-progress
+work will be required.
+
<h3><a name="Composability">Composability</a></h3>
<p>
@@ -2080,6 +2129,8 @@
<li> <a href="#Hotplug CPU">Hotplug CPU</a>.
<li> <a href="#Scheduler and RCU">Scheduler and RCU</a>.
<li> <a href="#Tracing and RCU">Tracing and RCU</a>.
+<li> <a href="#Accesses to User Memory and RCU">
+Accesses to User Memory and RCU</a>.
<li> <a href="#Energy Efficiency">Energy Efficiency</a>.
<li> <a href="#Scheduling-Clock Interrupts and RCU">
Scheduling-Clock Interrupts and RCU</a>.
@@ -2165,14 +2216,9 @@
on what operations those callbacks could invoke.
<p>
-Perhaps surprisingly, <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt>,
-<a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor"><tt>synchronize_rcu_bh()</tt></a>
-(<a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">discussed below</a>),
-<a href="#Sched Flavor"><tt>synchronize_sched()</tt></a>,
+Perhaps surprisingly, <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> and
<tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>,
-<tt>synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited()</tt>, and
-<tt>synchronize_sched_expedited()</tt>
-will all operate normally
+will operate normally
during very early boot, the reason being that there is only one CPU
and preemption is disabled.
This means that the call <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> (or friends)
@@ -2269,12 +2315,23 @@
The name notwithstanding, some Linux-kernel architectures
can have nested NMIs, which RCU must handle correctly.
Andy Lutomirski
-<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/CALCETrXLq1y7e_dKFPgou-FKHB6Pu-r8+t-6Ds+8=va7anBWDA@mail.gmail.com">surprised me</a>
+<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CALCETrXLq1y7e_dKFPgou-FKHB6Pu-r8+t-6Ds+8=va7anBWDA@mail.gmail.com">surprised me</a>
with this requirement;
he also kindly surprised me with
-<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/CALCETrXSY9JpW3uE6H8WYk81sg56qasA2aqmjMPsq5dOtzso=g@mail.gmail.com">an algorithm</a>
+<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CALCETrXSY9JpW3uE6H8WYk81sg56qasA2aqmjMPsq5dOtzso=g@mail.gmail.com">an algorithm</a>
that meets this requirement.
+<p>
+Furthermore, NMI handlers can be interrupted by what appear to RCU
+to be normal interrupts.
+One way that this can happen is for code that directly invokes
+<tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> and <tt>rcu_irq_exit()</tt> to be called
+from an NMI handler.
+This astonishing fact of life prompted the current code structure,
+which has <tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> invoking <tt>rcu_nmi_enter()</tt>
+and <tt>rcu_irq_exit()</tt> invoking <tt>rcu_nmi_exit()</tt>.
+And yes, I also learned of this requirement the hard way.
+
<h3><a name="Loadable Modules">Loadable Modules</a></h3>
<p>
@@ -2290,7 +2347,7 @@
<p>
Unfortunately, there is no way to cancel an RCU callback;
once you invoke <tt>call_rcu()</tt>, the callback function is
-going to eventually be invoked, unless the system goes down first.
+eventually going to be invoked, unless the system goes down first.
Because it is normally considered socially irresponsible to crash the system
in response to a module unload request, we need some other way
to deal with in-flight RCU callbacks.
@@ -2394,30 +2451,9 @@
<p>
RCU depends on the scheduler, and the scheduler uses RCU to
protect some of its data structures.
-This means the scheduler is forbidden from acquiring
-the runqueue locks and the priority-inheritance locks
-in the middle of an outermost RCU read-side critical section unless either
-(1) it releases them before exiting that same
-RCU read-side critical section, or
-(2) interrupts are disabled across
-that entire RCU read-side critical section.
-This same prohibition also applies (recursively!) to any lock that is acquired
-while holding any lock to which this prohibition applies.
-Adhering to this rule prevents preemptible RCU from invoking
-<tt>rcu_read_unlock_special()</tt> while either runqueue or
-priority-inheritance locks are held, thus avoiding deadlock.
-
-<p>
-Prior to v4.4, it was only necessary to disable preemption across
-RCU read-side critical sections that acquired scheduler locks.
-In v4.4, expedited grace periods started using IPIs, and these
-IPIs could force a <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> to take the slowpath.
-Therefore, this expedited-grace-period change required disabling of
-interrupts, not just preemption.
-
-<p>
-For RCU's part, the preemptible-RCU <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
-implementation must be written carefully to avoid similar deadlocks.
+The preemptible-RCU <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
+implementation must therefore be written carefully to avoid deadlocks
+involving the scheduler's runqueue and priority-inheritance locks.
In particular, <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> must tolerate an
interrupt where the interrupt handler invokes both
<tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>.
@@ -2426,7 +2462,7 @@
interrupt handler's use of RCU.
<p>
-This pair of mutual scheduler-RCU requirements came as a
+This scheduler-RCU requirement came as a
<a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/453002/">complete surprise</a>.
<p>
@@ -2437,15 +2473,48 @@
<tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt>
<a href="http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/scalability/paper/BareMetal.2015.01.15b.pdf">did come as a surprise [PDF]</a>.
RCU has made good progress towards meeting this requirement, even
-for context-switch-have <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt> workloads,
+for context-switch-heavy <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt> workloads,
but there is room for further improvement.
+<p>
+It is forbidden to hold any of scheduler's runqueue or priority-inheritance
+spinlocks across an <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> unless interrupts have been
+disabled across the entire RCU read-side critical section, that is,
+up to and including the matching <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>.
+Violating this restriction can result in deadlocks involving these
+scheduler spinlocks.
+There was hope that this restriction might be lifted when interrupt-disabled
+calls to <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> started deferring the reporting of
+the resulting RCU-preempt quiescent state until the end of the corresponding
+interrupts-disabled region.
+Unfortunately, timely reporting of the corresponding quiescent state
+to expedited grace periods requires a call to <tt>raise_softirq()</tt>,
+which can acquire these scheduler spinlocks.
+In addition, real-time systems using RCU priority boosting
+need this restriction to remain in effect because deferred
+quiescent-state reporting would also defer deboosting, which in turn
+would degrade real-time latencies.
+
+<p>
+In theory, if a given RCU read-side critical section could be
+guaranteed to be less than one second in duration, holding a scheduler
+spinlock across that critical section's <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
+would require only that preemption be disabled across the entire
+RCU read-side critical section, not interrupts.
+Unfortunately, given the possibility of vCPU preemption, long-running
+interrupts, and so on, it is not possible in practice to guarantee
+that a given RCU read-side critical section will complete in less than
+one second.
+Therefore, as noted above, if scheduler spinlocks are held across
+a given call to <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>, interrupts must be
+disabled across the entire RCU read-side critical section.
+
<h3><a name="Tracing and RCU">Tracing and RCU</a></h3>
<p>
It is possible to use tracing on RCU code, but tracing itself
uses RCU.
-For this reason, <tt>rcu_dereference_raw_notrace()</tt>
+For this reason, <tt>rcu_dereference_raw_check()</tt>
is provided for use by tracing, which avoids the destructive
recursion that could otherwise ensue.
This API is also used by virtualization in some architectures,
@@ -2454,6 +2523,75 @@
The tracing folks both located the requirement and provided the
needed fix, so this surprise requirement was relatively painless.
+<h3><a name="Accesses to User Memory and RCU">
+Accesses to User Memory and RCU</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The kernel needs to access user-space memory, for example, to access
+data referenced by system-call parameters.
+The <tt>get_user()</tt> macro does this job.
+
+<p>
+However, user-space memory might well be paged out, which means
+that <tt>get_user()</tt> might well page-fault and thus block while
+waiting for the resulting I/O to complete.
+It would be a very bad thing for the compiler to reorder
+a <tt>get_user()</tt> invocation into an RCU read-side critical
+section.
+For example, suppose that the source code looked like this:
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+ 1 rcu_read_lock();
+ 2 p = rcu_dereference(gp);
+ 3 v = p->value;
+ 4 rcu_read_unlock();
+ 5 get_user(user_v, user_p);
+ 6 do_something_with(v, user_v);
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+The compiler must not be permitted to transform this source code into
+the following:
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+ 1 rcu_read_lock();
+ 2 p = rcu_dereference(gp);
+ 3 get_user(user_v, user_p); // BUG: POSSIBLE PAGE FAULT!!!
+ 4 v = p->value;
+ 5 rcu_read_unlock();
+ 6 do_something_with(v, user_v);
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+If the compiler did make this transformation in a
+<tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt> kernel build, and if <tt>get_user()</tt> did
+page fault, the result would be a quiescent state in the middle
+of an RCU read-side critical section.
+This misplaced quiescent state could result in line 4 being
+a use-after-free access, which could be bad for your kernel's
+actuarial statistics.
+Similar examples can be constructed with the call to <tt>get_user()</tt>
+preceding the <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>.
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, <tt>get_user()</tt> doesn't have any particular
+ordering properties, and in some architectures the underlying <tt>asm</tt>
+isn't even marked <tt>volatile</tt>.
+And even if it was marked <tt>volatile</tt>, the above access to
+<tt>p->value</tt> is not volatile, so the compiler would not have any
+reason to keep those two accesses in order.
+
+<p>
+Therefore, the Linux-kernel definitions of <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>
+and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> must act as compiler barriers,
+at least for outermost instances of <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and
+<tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> within a nested set of RCU read-side critical
+sections.
+
<h3><a name="Energy Efficiency">Energy Efficiency</a></h3>
<p>
@@ -2850,15 +2988,22 @@
described in a separate section.
<ol>
-<li> <a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor</a>
-<li> <a href="#Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor</a>
+<li> <a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor (Historical)</a>
+<li> <a href="#Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor (Historical)</a>
<li> <a href="#Sleepable RCU">Sleepable RCU</a>
<li> <a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>
-<li> <a href="#Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods">
- Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods</a>
</ol>
-<h3><a name="Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor</a></h3>
+<h3><a name="Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor (Historical)</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The RCU-bh flavor of RCU has since been expressed in terms of
+the other RCU flavors as part of a consolidation of the three
+flavors into a single flavor.
+The read-side API remains, and continues to disable softirq and to
+be accounted for by lockdep.
+Much of the material in this section is therefore strictly historical
+in nature.
<p>
The softirq-disable (AKA “bottom-half”,
@@ -2918,8 +3063,20 @@
<tt>call_rcu_bh()</tt>,
<tt>rcu_barrier_bh()</tt>, and
<tt>rcu_read_lock_bh_held()</tt>.
+However, the update-side APIs are now simple wrappers for other RCU
+flavors, namely RCU-sched in CONFIG_PREEMPT=n kernels and RCU-preempt
+otherwise.
-<h3><a name="Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor</a></h3>
+<h3><a name="Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor (Historical)</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The RCU-sched flavor of RCU has since been expressed in terms of
+the other RCU flavors as part of a consolidation of the three
+flavors into a single flavor.
+The read-side API remains, and continues to disable preemption and to
+be accounted for by lockdep.
+Much of the material in this section is therefore strictly historical
+in nature.
<p>
Before preemptible RCU, waiting for an RCU grace period had the
@@ -3013,7 +3170,7 @@
sections, then that domain's grace periods will also be blocked forever.
Of course, one good way to block forever is to deadlock, which can
happen if any operation in a given domain's SRCU read-side critical
-section can block waiting, either directly or indirectly, for that domain's
+section can wait, either directly or indirectly, for that domain's
grace period to elapse.
For example, this results in a self-deadlock:
@@ -3053,12 +3210,18 @@
guarantees a full memory barrier.
<p>
-Also unlike other RCU flavors, SRCU's callbacks-wait function
-<tt>srcu_barrier()</tt> may be invoked from CPU-hotplug notifiers,
-though this is not necessarily a good idea.
-The reason that this is possible is that SRCU is insensitive
-to whether or not a CPU is online, which means that <tt>srcu_barrier()</tt>
-need not exclude CPU-hotplug operations.
+Also unlike other RCU flavors, <tt>synchronize_srcu()</tt> may <b>not</b>
+be invoked from CPU-hotplug notifiers, due to the fact that SRCU grace
+periods make use of timers and the possibility of timers being temporarily
+“stranded” on the outgoing CPU.
+This stranding of timers means that timers posted to the outgoing CPU
+will not fire until late in the CPU-hotplug process.
+The problem is that if a notifier is waiting on an SRCU grace period,
+that grace period is waiting on a timer, and that timer is stranded on the
+outgoing CPU, then the notifier will never be awakened, in other words,
+deadlock has occurred.
+This same situation of course also prohibits <tt>srcu_barrier()</tt>
+from being invoked from CPU-hotplug notifiers.
<p>
SRCU also differs from other RCU flavors in that SRCU's expedited and
@@ -3139,94 +3302,14 @@
<tt>call_rcu_tasks()</tt>,
<tt>synchronize_rcu_tasks()</tt>, and
<tt>rcu_barrier_tasks()</tt>.
-
-<h3><a name="Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods">
-Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods</a></h3>
-
-<p>
-Perhaps you have an RCU protected data structure that is accessed from
-RCU read-side critical sections, from softirq handlers, and from
-hardware interrupt handlers.
-That is three flavors of RCU, the normal flavor, the bottom-half flavor,
-and the sched flavor.
-How to wait for a compound grace period?
-
-<p>
-The best approach is usually to “just say no!” and
-insert <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
-around each RCU read-side critical section, regardless of what
-environment it happens to be in.
-But suppose that some of the RCU read-side critical sections are
-on extremely hot code paths, and that use of <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt>
-is not a viable option, so that <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and
-<tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> are not free.
-What then?
-
-<p>
-You <i>could</i> wait on all three grace periods in succession, as follows:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
- 1 synchronize_rcu();
- 2 synchronize_rcu_bh();
- 3 synchronize_sched();
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-This works, but triples the update-side latency penalty.
-In cases where this is not acceptable, <tt>synchronize_rcu_mult()</tt>
-may be used to wait on all three flavors of grace period concurrently:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
- 1 synchronize_rcu_mult(call_rcu, call_rcu_bh, call_rcu_sched);
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-But what if it is necessary to also wait on SRCU?
-This can be done as follows:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
- 1 static void call_my_srcu(struct rcu_head *head,
- 2 void (*func)(struct rcu_head *head))
- 3 {
- 4 call_srcu(&my_srcu, head, func);
- 5 }
- 6
- 7 synchronize_rcu_mult(call_rcu, call_rcu_bh, call_rcu_sched, call_my_srcu);
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-If you needed to wait on multiple different flavors of SRCU
-(but why???), you would need to create a wrapper function resembling
-<tt>call_my_srcu()</tt> for each SRCU flavor.
-
-<table>
-<tr><th> </th></tr>
-<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
-<tr><td>
- But what if I need to wait for multiple RCU flavors, but I also need
- the grace periods to be expedited?
-</td></tr>
-<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
-<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
- If you are using expedited grace periods, there should be less penalty
- for waiting on them in succession.
- But if that is nevertheless a problem, you can use workqueues
- or multiple kthreads to wait on the various expedited grace
- periods concurrently.
-</font></td></tr>
-<tr><td> </td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-Again, it is usually better to adjust the RCU read-side critical sections
-to use a single flavor of RCU, but when this is not feasible, you can use
-<tt>synchronize_rcu_mult()</tt>.
+In <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt> kernels, trampolines cannot be preempted,
+so these APIs map to
+<tt>call_rcu()</tt>,
+<tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt>, and
+<tt>rcu_barrier()</tt>, respectively.
+In <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=y</tt> kernels, trampolines can be preempted,
+and these three APIs are therefore implemented by separate functions
+that check for voluntary context switches.
<h2><a name="Possible Future Changes">Possible Future Changes</a></h2>
@@ -3238,12 +3321,6 @@
latency.
<p>
-Expedited grace periods scan the CPUs, so their latency and overhead
-increases with increasing numbers of CPUs.
-If this becomes a serious problem on large systems, it will be necessary
-to do some redesign to avoid this scalability problem.
-
-<p>
RCU disables CPU hotplug in a few places, perhaps most notably in the
<tt>rcu_barrier()</tt> operations.
If there is a strong reason to use <tt>rcu_barrier()</tt> in CPU-hotplug
@@ -3288,11 +3365,6 @@
alternatives.
<p>
-There is an embarrassingly large number of flavors of RCU, and this
-number has been increasing over time.
-Perhaps it will be possible to combine some at some future date.
-
-<p>
RCU's various kthreads are reasonably recent additions.
It is quite likely that adjustments will be required to more gracefully
handle extreme loads.
@@ -3303,6 +3375,11 @@
originating <tt>call_rcu()</tt> instance, though probably not
in production kernels.
+<p>
+Additional work may be required to provide reasonable forward-progress
+guarantees under heavy load for grace periods and for callback
+invocation.
+
<h2><a name="Summary">Summary</a></h2>
<p>
