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+//===- Twine.h - Fast Temporary String Concatenation ------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_ADT_TWINE_H
+#define LLVM_ADT_TWINE_H
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace llvm {
+
+ class formatv_object_base;
+ class raw_ostream;
+
+ /// Twine - A lightweight data structure for efficiently representing the
+ /// concatenation of temporary values as strings.
+ ///
+ /// A Twine is a kind of rope, it represents a concatenated string using a
+ /// binary-tree, where the string is the preorder of the nodes. Since the
+ /// Twine can be efficiently rendered into a buffer when its result is used,
+ /// it avoids the cost of generating temporary values for intermediate string
+ /// results -- particularly in cases when the Twine result is never
+ /// required. By explicitly tracking the type of leaf nodes, we can also avoid
+ /// the creation of temporary strings for conversions operations (such as
+ /// appending an integer to a string).
+ ///
+ /// A Twine is not intended for use directly and should not be stored, its
+ /// implementation relies on the ability to store pointers to temporary stack
+ /// objects which may be deallocated at the end of a statement. Twines should
+ /// only be used accepted as const references in arguments, when an API wishes
+ /// to accept possibly-concatenated strings.
+ ///
+ /// Twines support a special 'null' value, which always concatenates to form
+ /// itself, and renders as an empty string. This can be returned from APIs to
+ /// effectively nullify any concatenations performed on the result.
+ ///
+ /// \b Implementation
+ ///
+ /// Given the nature of a Twine, it is not possible for the Twine's
+ /// concatenation method to construct interior nodes; the result must be
+ /// represented inside the returned value. For this reason a Twine object
+ /// actually holds two values, the left- and right-hand sides of a
+ /// concatenation. We also have nullary Twine objects, which are effectively
+ /// sentinel values that represent empty strings.
+ ///
+ /// Thus, a Twine can effectively have zero, one, or two children. The \see
+ /// isNullary(), \see isUnary(), and \see isBinary() predicates exist for
+ /// testing the number of children.
+ ///
+ /// We maintain a number of invariants on Twine objects (FIXME: Why):
+ /// - Nullary twines are always represented with their Kind on the left-hand
+ /// side, and the Empty kind on the right-hand side.
+ /// - Unary twines are always represented with the value on the left-hand
+ /// side, and the Empty kind on the right-hand side.
+ /// - If a Twine has another Twine as a child, that child should always be
+ /// binary (otherwise it could have been folded into the parent).
+ ///
+ /// These invariants are check by \see isValid().
+ ///
+ /// \b Efficiency Considerations
+ ///
+ /// The Twine is designed to yield efficient and small code for common
+ /// situations. For this reason, the concat() method is inlined so that
+ /// concatenations of leaf nodes can be optimized into stores directly into a
+ /// single stack allocated object.
+ ///
+ /// In practice, not all compilers can be trusted to optimize concat() fully,
+ /// so we provide two additional methods (and accompanying operator+
+ /// overloads) to guarantee that particularly important cases (cstring plus
+ /// StringRef) codegen as desired.
+ class Twine {
+ /// NodeKind - Represent the type of an argument.
+ enum NodeKind : unsigned char {
+ /// An empty string; the result of concatenating anything with it is also
+ /// empty.
+ NullKind,
+
+ /// The empty string.
+ EmptyKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to a Twine instance.
+ TwineKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to a C string instance.
+ CStringKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to an std::string instance.
+ StdStringKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to a StringRef instance.
+ StringRefKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to a SmallString instance.
+ SmallStringKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to a formatv_object_base instance.
+ FormatvObjectKind,
+
+ /// A char value, to render as a character.
+ CharKind,
+
+ /// An unsigned int value, to render as an unsigned decimal integer.
+ DecUIKind,
+
+ /// An int value, to render as a signed decimal integer.
+ DecIKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to an unsigned long value, to render as an unsigned decimal
+ /// integer.
+ DecULKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to a long value, to render as a signed decimal integer.
+ DecLKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to an unsigned long long value, to render as an unsigned
+ /// decimal integer.
+ DecULLKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to a long long value, to render as a signed decimal integer.
+ DecLLKind,
+
+ /// A pointer to a uint64_t value, to render as an unsigned hexadecimal
+ /// integer.
+ UHexKind
+ };
+
+ union Child
+ {
+ const Twine *twine;
+ const char *cString;
+ const std::string *stdString;
+ const StringRef *stringRef;
+ const SmallVectorImpl<char> *smallString;
+ const formatv_object_base *formatvObject;
+ char character;
+ unsigned int decUI;
+ int decI;
+ const unsigned long *decUL;
+ const long *decL;
+ const unsigned long long *decULL;
+ const long long *decLL;
+ const uint64_t *uHex;
+ };
+
+ /// LHS - The prefix in the concatenation, which may be uninitialized for
+ /// Null or Empty kinds.
+ Child LHS;
+
+ /// RHS - The suffix in the concatenation, which may be uninitialized for
+ /// Null or Empty kinds.
+ Child RHS;
+
+ /// LHSKind - The NodeKind of the left hand side, \see getLHSKind().
+ NodeKind LHSKind = EmptyKind;
+
+ /// RHSKind - The NodeKind of the right hand side, \see getRHSKind().
+ NodeKind RHSKind = EmptyKind;
+
+ /// Construct a nullary twine; the kind must be NullKind or EmptyKind.
+ explicit Twine(NodeKind Kind) : LHSKind(Kind) {
+ assert(isNullary() && "Invalid kind!");
+ }
+
+ /// Construct a binary twine.
+ explicit Twine(const Twine &LHS, const Twine &RHS)
+ : LHSKind(TwineKind), RHSKind(TwineKind) {
+ this->LHS.twine = &LHS;
+ this->RHS.twine = &RHS;
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Construct a twine from explicit values.
+ explicit Twine(Child LHS, NodeKind LHSKind, Child RHS, NodeKind RHSKind)
+ : LHS(LHS), RHS(RHS), LHSKind(LHSKind), RHSKind(RHSKind) {
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Check for the null twine.
+ bool isNull() const {
+ return getLHSKind() == NullKind;
+ }
+
+ /// Check for the empty twine.
+ bool isEmpty() const {
+ return getLHSKind() == EmptyKind;
+ }
+
+ /// Check if this is a nullary twine (null or empty).
+ bool isNullary() const {
+ return isNull() || isEmpty();
+ }
+
+ /// Check if this is a unary twine.
+ bool isUnary() const {
+ return getRHSKind() == EmptyKind && !isNullary();
+ }
+
+ /// Check if this is a binary twine.
+ bool isBinary() const {
+ return getLHSKind() != NullKind && getRHSKind() != EmptyKind;
+ }
+
+ /// Check if this is a valid twine (satisfying the invariants on
+ /// order and number of arguments).
+ bool isValid() const {
+ // Nullary twines always have Empty on the RHS.
+ if (isNullary() && getRHSKind() != EmptyKind)
+ return false;
+
+ // Null should never appear on the RHS.
+ if (getRHSKind() == NullKind)
+ return false;
+
+ // The RHS cannot be non-empty if the LHS is empty.
+ if (getRHSKind() != EmptyKind && getLHSKind() == EmptyKind)
+ return false;
+
+ // A twine child should always be binary.
+ if (getLHSKind() == TwineKind &&
+ !LHS.twine->isBinary())
+ return false;
+ if (getRHSKind() == TwineKind &&
+ !RHS.twine->isBinary())
+ return false;
+
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ /// Get the NodeKind of the left-hand side.
+ NodeKind getLHSKind() const { return LHSKind; }
+
+ /// Get the NodeKind of the right-hand side.
+ NodeKind getRHSKind() const { return RHSKind; }
+
+ /// Print one child from a twine.
+ void printOneChild(raw_ostream &OS, Child Ptr, NodeKind Kind) const;
+
+ /// Print the representation of one child from a twine.
+ void printOneChildRepr(raw_ostream &OS, Child Ptr,
+ NodeKind Kind) const;
+
+ public:
+ /// @name Constructors
+ /// @{
+
+ /// Construct from an empty string.
+ /*implicit*/ Twine() {
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ Twine(const Twine &) = default;
+
+ /// Construct from a C string.
+ ///
+ /// We take care here to optimize "" into the empty twine -- this will be
+ /// optimized out for string constants. This allows Twine arguments have
+ /// default "" values, without introducing unnecessary string constants.
+ /*implicit*/ Twine(const char *Str) {
+ if (Str[0] != '\0') {
+ LHS.cString = Str;
+ LHSKind = CStringKind;
+ } else
+ LHSKind = EmptyKind;
+
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Construct from an std::string.
+ /*implicit*/ Twine(const std::string &Str) : LHSKind(StdStringKind) {
+ LHS.stdString = &Str;
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Construct from a StringRef.
+ /*implicit*/ Twine(const StringRef &Str) : LHSKind(StringRefKind) {
+ LHS.stringRef = &Str;
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Construct from a SmallString.
+ /*implicit*/ Twine(const SmallVectorImpl<char> &Str)
+ : LHSKind(SmallStringKind) {
+ LHS.smallString = &Str;
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Construct from a formatv_object_base.
+ /*implicit*/ Twine(const formatv_object_base &Fmt)
+ : LHSKind(FormatvObjectKind) {
+ LHS.formatvObject = &Fmt;
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Construct from a char.
+ explicit Twine(char Val) : LHSKind(CharKind) {
+ LHS.character = Val;
+ }
+
+ /// Construct from a signed char.
+ explicit Twine(signed char Val) : LHSKind(CharKind) {
+ LHS.character = static_cast<char>(Val);
+ }
+
+ /// Construct from an unsigned char.
+ explicit Twine(unsigned char Val) : LHSKind(CharKind) {
+ LHS.character = static_cast<char>(Val);
+ }
+
+ /// Construct a twine to print \p Val as an unsigned decimal integer.
+ explicit Twine(unsigned Val) : LHSKind(DecUIKind) {
+ LHS.decUI = Val;
+ }
+
+ /// Construct a twine to print \p Val as a signed decimal integer.
+ explicit Twine(int Val) : LHSKind(DecIKind) {
+ LHS.decI = Val;
+ }
+
+ /// Construct a twine to print \p Val as an unsigned decimal integer.
+ explicit Twine(const unsigned long &Val) : LHSKind(DecULKind) {
+ LHS.decUL = &Val;
+ }
+
+ /// Construct a twine to print \p Val as a signed decimal integer.
+ explicit Twine(const long &Val) : LHSKind(DecLKind) {
+ LHS.decL = &Val;
+ }
+
+ /// Construct a twine to print \p Val as an unsigned decimal integer.
+ explicit Twine(const unsigned long long &Val) : LHSKind(DecULLKind) {
+ LHS.decULL = &Val;
+ }
+
+ /// Construct a twine to print \p Val as a signed decimal integer.
+ explicit Twine(const long long &Val) : LHSKind(DecLLKind) {
+ LHS.decLL = &Val;
+ }
+
+ // FIXME: Unfortunately, to make sure this is as efficient as possible we
+ // need extra binary constructors from particular types. We can't rely on
+ // the compiler to be smart enough to fold operator+()/concat() down to the
+ // right thing. Yet.
+
+ /// Construct as the concatenation of a C string and a StringRef.
+ /*implicit*/ Twine(const char *LHS, const StringRef &RHS)
+ : LHSKind(CStringKind), RHSKind(StringRefKind) {
+ this->LHS.cString = LHS;
+ this->RHS.stringRef = &RHS;
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Construct as the concatenation of a StringRef and a C string.
+ /*implicit*/ Twine(const StringRef &LHS, const char *RHS)
+ : LHSKind(StringRefKind), RHSKind(CStringKind) {
+ this->LHS.stringRef = &LHS;
+ this->RHS.cString = RHS;
+ assert(isValid() && "Invalid twine!");
+ }
+
+ /// Since the intended use of twines is as temporary objects, assignments
+ /// when concatenating might cause undefined behavior or stack corruptions
+ Twine &operator=(const Twine &) = delete;
+
+ /// Create a 'null' string, which is an empty string that always
+ /// concatenates to form another empty string.
+ static Twine createNull() {
+ return Twine(NullKind);
+ }
+
+ /// @}
+ /// @name Numeric Conversions
+ /// @{
+
+ // Construct a twine to print \p Val as an unsigned hexadecimal integer.
+ static Twine utohexstr(const uint64_t &Val) {
+ Child LHS, RHS;
+ LHS.uHex = &Val;
+ RHS.twine = nullptr;
+ return Twine(LHS, UHexKind, RHS, EmptyKind);
+ }
+
+ /// @}
+ /// @name Predicate Operations
+ /// @{
+
+ /// Check if this twine is trivially empty; a false return value does not
+ /// necessarily mean the twine is empty.
+ bool isTriviallyEmpty() const {
+ return isNullary();
+ }
+
+ /// Return true if this twine can be dynamically accessed as a single
+ /// StringRef value with getSingleStringRef().
+ bool isSingleStringRef() const {
+ if (getRHSKind() != EmptyKind) return false;
+
+ switch (getLHSKind()) {
+ case EmptyKind:
+ case CStringKind:
+ case StdStringKind:
+ case StringRefKind:
+ case SmallStringKind:
+ return true;
+ default:
+ return false;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// @}
+ /// @name String Operations
+ /// @{
+
+ Twine concat(const Twine &Suffix) const;
+
+ /// @}
+ /// @name Output & Conversion.
+ /// @{
+
+ /// Return the twine contents as a std::string.
+ std::string str() const;
+
+ /// Append the concatenated string into the given SmallString or SmallVector.
+ void toVector(SmallVectorImpl<char> &Out) const;
+
+ /// This returns the twine as a single StringRef. This method is only valid
+ /// if isSingleStringRef() is true.
+ StringRef getSingleStringRef() const {
+ assert(isSingleStringRef() &&"This cannot be had as a single stringref!");
+ switch (getLHSKind()) {
+ default: llvm_unreachable("Out of sync with isSingleStringRef");
+ case EmptyKind: return StringRef();
+ case CStringKind: return StringRef(LHS.cString);
+ case StdStringKind: return StringRef(*LHS.stdString);
+ case StringRefKind: return *LHS.stringRef;
+ case SmallStringKind:
+ return StringRef(LHS.smallString->data(), LHS.smallString->size());
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// This returns the twine as a single StringRef if it can be
+ /// represented as such. Otherwise the twine is written into the given
+ /// SmallVector and a StringRef to the SmallVector's data is returned.
+ StringRef toStringRef(SmallVectorImpl<char> &Out) const {
+ if (isSingleStringRef())
+ return getSingleStringRef();
+ toVector(Out);
+ return StringRef(Out.data(), Out.size());
+ }
+
+ /// This returns the twine as a single null terminated StringRef if it
+ /// can be represented as such. Otherwise the twine is written into the
+ /// given SmallVector and a StringRef to the SmallVector's data is returned.
+ ///
+ /// The returned StringRef's size does not include the null terminator.
+ StringRef toNullTerminatedStringRef(SmallVectorImpl<char> &Out) const;
+
+ /// Write the concatenated string represented by this twine to the
+ /// stream \p OS.
+ void print(raw_ostream &OS) const;
+
+ /// Dump the concatenated string represented by this twine to stderr.
+ void dump() const;
+
+ /// Write the representation of this twine to the stream \p OS.
+ void printRepr(raw_ostream &OS) const;
+
+ /// Dump the representation of this twine to stderr.
+ void dumpRepr() const;
+
+ /// @}
+ };
+
+ /// @name Twine Inline Implementations
+ /// @{
+
+ inline Twine Twine::concat(const Twine &Suffix) const {
+ // Concatenation with null is null.
+ if (isNull() || Suffix.isNull())
+ return Twine(NullKind);
+
+ // Concatenation with empty yields the other side.
+ if (isEmpty())
+ return Suffix;
+ if (Suffix.isEmpty())
+ return *this;
+
+ // Otherwise we need to create a new node, taking care to fold in unary
+ // twines.
+ Child NewLHS, NewRHS;
+ NewLHS.twine = this;
+ NewRHS.twine = &Suffix;
+ NodeKind NewLHSKind = TwineKind, NewRHSKind = TwineKind;
+ if (isUnary()) {
+ NewLHS = LHS;
+ NewLHSKind = getLHSKind();
+ }
+ if (Suffix.isUnary()) {
+ NewRHS = Suffix.LHS;
+ NewRHSKind = Suffix.getLHSKind();
+ }
+
+ return Twine(NewLHS, NewLHSKind, NewRHS, NewRHSKind);
+ }
+
+ inline Twine operator+(const Twine &LHS, const Twine &RHS) {
+ return LHS.concat(RHS);
+ }
+
+ /// Additional overload to guarantee simplified codegen; this is equivalent to
+ /// concat().
+
+ inline Twine operator+(const char *LHS, const StringRef &RHS) {
+ return Twine(LHS, RHS);
+ }
+
+ /// Additional overload to guarantee simplified codegen; this is equivalent to
+ /// concat().
+
+ inline Twine operator+(const StringRef &LHS, const char *RHS) {
+ return Twine(LHS, RHS);
+ }
+
+ inline raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &OS, const Twine &RHS) {
+ RHS.print(OS);
+ return OS;
+ }
+
+ /// @}
+
+} // end namespace llvm
+
+#endif // LLVM_ADT_TWINE_H